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The
Disability
Observatory

Every Journey Begins With Understanding.

A new diagnosis can bring more questions than answers. Type your child's diagnosis below and discover what it may mean at school, possible supports, accommodations, evaluations, and thoughtful questions for your next IEP or 504 meeting.

What parents usually want to know

Every topic page is designed to answer the most common questions.

What does this mean?

Understand the basics in simple, family-friendly language.

What might it look like at school?

Explore common strengths and challenges you might see.

What evaluations may help?

Learn about possible evaluations and who can provide them.

What supports may be considered?

Discover interventions and strategies that may help.

What accommodations might be discussed?

See examples of accommodations at school.

What Questions should I ask at the IEP/504 meeting?

Get helpful questions to guide meaningful conversations.

Choose a  Constelation

Explore information about different learning, developmental, and behavioral needs.

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Autism
ADHD
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Dyslexia
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Anxiety
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Speech
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Sensory 
Processing
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Behavior & Emotional Regulation
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Intellectual Disability
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Developmental Delay
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Medical/OHI

Showing 358 matching diagnoses

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F90.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects executive functioning, self-regulation, attention control, working memory, and impulse management. It involves underlying differences in brain connectivity and dopamine regulation that make sustaining focus, organizing tasks, and inhibiting spontaneous reactions more challenging.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with ADHD may have difficulty sustaining focus during long lectures or independent reading; struggle to initiate or finish multi-step assignments; frequently misplace materials like pencils or folders; fidget, tap, or need to move constantly; act or speak impulsively without waiting for turn; experience task paralysis when feeling overwhelmed; or demonstrate inconsistent academic performance despite understanding the concepts.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating cognitive processing speed, working memory, and reasoning); Executive Functioning Rating Scales (e.g., BRIEF-2 completed by parents and teachers); Behavioral Assessment (e.g., Conners 4 or BASC-3); Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) if impulsive or off-task behaviors significantly impact learning; Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation to assess sensory regulation and motor planning.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct instruction in executive functioning and self-monitoring strategies; check-in/check-out (CICO) daily mentor support; small-group skill building for time management and study skills; Positive Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP); embedded sensory and movement breaks throughout the school day; structured study halls with guided task initiation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Preferential seating near instruction away from high-traffic distractions; breaking long assignments into smaller chunked steps; extended time on tests and quizzes; visual schedules, daily assignment checklists, and graphic organizers; permission to use fidget tools or wobble seating; reduced visual clutter on worksheets; frequent movement breaks; verbal and visual prompts for task transitions.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific classroom activities or times of day seem most challenging for my child's focus?
2. How is my child's working memory impacting their ability to follow multi-step oral directions?
3. What executive functioning data or observations has the teaching staff collected during independent work time?
4. Would a Functional Behavioral Assessment help us understand off-task or impulsive behaviors?
5. How are teachers currently re-engaging my child when focus drifts without calling negative attention to them?
6. What accommodations are proving most effective during timed tests or major assessments?
7. Can we build proactive movement breaks into the daily schedule rather than waiting for dysregulation?
8. How will multi-step assignments be chunked into manageable deadlines across classes?
9. Who on the team is responsible for monitoring organizational systems like assignment planners or online portals?
10. What specific strategies will be used to help my child initiate tasks when experiencing task paralysis?
11. How will progress on executive functioning or self-regulation goals be measured and shared with us?
12. When will the team meet next to evaluate whether these accommodations are working effectively?

Specific Learning Disability in Reading (Dyslexia)

ICD-10 CODE:

F81.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Specific Learning Disability in Reading, commonly known as Dyslexia, is a neurodevelopmental learning difference that primarily affects accurate and fluent word reading, phonological processing, decoding, and spelling. It is not related to overall intelligence or vision, but rather reflects differences in how the brain processes written language.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Dyslexia may read slowly or hesitantly; struggle to sound out unfamiliar words; omit or misread small sight words; experience severe difficulty with spelling; exhibit fatigue or frustration during reading tasks; show a strong gap between high oral language skills and written reading performance; or avoid reading aloud in front of peers.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Educational / Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, decoding, and reading fluency); Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing phonological processing and language processing); Reading Diagnostic Assessments (e.g., Woodcock-Johnson, WIAT, CTOPP-2); Assistive Technology (AT) Evaluation to identify helpful digital reading tools.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Structured Literacy Instruction using a systematic, explicit, multisensory phonics approach (such as Orton-Gillingham based programs); specialized reading intervention provided by a trained reading specialist; small-group intensive reading instruction; speech-language therapy focusing on phonological awareness.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Text-to-speech software for grade-level reading materials; speech-to-text tools or scribes for written responses; extended time on reading assignments and tests; reduced reading load; audiobooks and digital accessible books; oral administration of tests; grading based on content knowledge rather than spelling; pre-teaching key content vocabulary.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific reading assessments have been conducted, and what are my child's current decoding and fluency levels?
2. Is the reading intervention being provided based on a structured, explicit, multi-sensory literacy model?
3. Who is delivering the specialized reading instruction, and what training do they have in structured literacy?
4. How much time per week will my child receive direct, specialized reading intervention?
5. How will my child access grade-level science and social studies content while working on reading skills?
6. Are text-to-speech tools available for all digital textbooks and classroom assignments?
7. How are accommodations for reading and spelling implemented during tests in general education classes?
8. What measures are being taken to protect my child's self-esteem and prevent reading fatigue?
9. How will progress in phonological awareness, decoding, and reading comprehension be measured?
10. How frequently will progress monitoring data be collected and reported to parents?
11. Will my child be excused from unannounced aloud reading in front of the class?
12. How will spelling errors be handled on content-area tests like science or history?

Specific Learning Disability in Mathematics (Dyscalculia)

ICD-10 CODE:

F81.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Specific Learning Disability in Mathematics, often called Dyscalculia, is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects a student's ability to understand numerical concepts, master basic math facts, learn calculation procedures, and comprehend spatial-numerical relationships. It affects the brain's intuitive sense of numbers and mathematical reasoning.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Dyscalculia may struggle to memorize basic addition or multiplication tables; rely heavily on finger counting long after peers have transitioned; struggle with mental math; confuse mathematical symbols (+, -, x, /); misalign numbers when working through multi-digit algorithms; struggle with math word problems; have difficulty telling time on analog clocks or counting money; or experience intense math anxiety.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychoeducational Evaluation (assessing fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and working memory); Educational Math Diagnostic Assessment (evaluating number sense, math fluency, and problem-solving skills); Occupational Therapy Evaluation if spatial processing or graphomotor legibility impacts math layout.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized math instruction focusing on concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) learning sequences; small-group math intervention; explicit teaching of math vocabulary and problem-solving heuristics; visual-spatial math instruction using math manipulatives.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Use of a calculator for math computations when testing higher-level math concepts; multiplication grids and reference sheets; grid paper or lined paper rotated sideways to align math columns; extended time on math tests; reduced number of math practice problems; step-by-step math formula cards; read-aloud of math word problems; concrete math manipulatives during tests.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific areas of mathematics present the greatest challenge for my child (e.g., number sense, memory for facts, spatial alignment)?
2. What math diagnostic tools were used to identify my child's specific math learning needs?
3. How will specialized math instruction incorporate concrete manipulatives and visual aids?
4. Is the math intervention using a Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) instructional framework?
5. Under what circumstances will my child be allowed to use a calculator during classroom work and assessments?
6. How are math word problems broken down to support my child's language and reasoning skills?
7. What reference sheets, such as multiplication tables or formula sheets, will be allowed during tests?
8. How will the team address math anxiety that may arise during timed math quizzes or exams?
9. How will homework assignments be modified so they do not cause excessive frustration at home?
10. How will progress toward math reasoning and computational goals be tracked and reported?
11. What accommodations will ensure my child is evaluated on math concepts rather than computational speed?
12. Who will monitor whether accommodations are consistently provided during math assessments?

Specific Learning Disability in Written Expression (Dysgraphia)

ICD-10 CODE:

F81.81

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Specific Learning Disability in Written Expression, often referred to as Dysgraphia, is a neurological condition that affects handwriting legibility, fine motor coordination required for writing, writing speed, spelling, and the cognitive organization of thoughts into written text.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Dysgraphia may exhibit cramped, awkward, or painful pencil grip; produce illegible handwriting with inconsistent letter sizes and spacing; write extremely slowly, falling behind during note-taking; struggle to copy information from the board; experience rapid hand fatigue or physical discomfort when writing; show a noticeable gap between spoken answers and written compositions; or avoid writing tasks.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (assessing fine motor strength, visual-motor integration, pencil grasp, and graphomotor fluency); Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating written language processing, working memory, and executive function); Assistive Technology (AT) Evaluation for keyboarding, dictation, and speech-to-text tools.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Occupational therapy services to address fine motor control, handwriting mechanics, and core stability; specialized writing instruction focusing on sentence building and essay structure; direct instruction in touch-typing and assistive technology usage.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Speech-to-text (dictation) software or use of a scribe; permission to type assignments instead of writing by hand; provided class notes, outlines, or fill-in-the-blank guided notes; extended time on writing assignments and essay tests; pencil grips or ergonomic writing utensils; raised-line or slant-board writing surfaces; waiver of grading penalties for handwriting neatness or spelling on non-spelling tests; short-answer or oral response options.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific components of writing are most difficult for my child (e.g., fine motor mechanics, spelling, or organizing written ideas)?
2. Has an Occupational Therapy evaluation been completed to assess fine motor skills and writing endurance?
3. Has an Assistive Technology evaluation been conducted to determine the best typing or dictation tools?
4. Will my child receive direct occupational therapy or specialized instruction for handwriting and keyboarding?
5. How will graphic organizers and visual outlines be used to support task initiation in writing?
6. Are teachers providing printed or digital copies of class notes to prevent copying from the board?
7. How will grading accommodate content knowledge separate from handwriting legibility and mechanics?
8. What accommodations will be implemented during essay portions of standardized or classroom tests?
9. How will hand fatigue and frustration be managed during extended writing tasks?
10. How will touch-typing skills be formally taught and practiced at school?
11. How will progress in written expression and motor speed be monitored and measured?
12. What alternatives to long written assignments will be considered if dysgraphia causes severe distress?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F84.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by variations in social communication, social interaction, sensory processing, and patterns of interests or behaviors. Autism represents a natural neurodivergent processing style, with individual strengths and varied support needs across settings.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, an autistic student may interpret language literally; struggle with unwritten social rules or group work dynamics; experience sensory overload from loud hallways, fluorescent lighting, or crowded cafeterias; demonstrate deep, specialized expertise in specific topics; benefit greatly from clear routines and feel distressed by unexpected schedule changes; engage in self-stimulatory behaviors (stimming) to regulate; or experience emotional dysregulation when overwhelmed.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Evaluation (psychological, educational, speech-language, and occupational therapy assessments); Speech-Language Evaluation focusing on pragmatic (social) language; Occupational Therapy Evaluation assessing sensory processing profiles (e.g., Sensory Profile 2); Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) to understand underlying sensory or communicative causes of distress.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Speech-language therapy for pragmatic communication and self-advocacy; Occupational therapy for sensory regulation and motor coordination; Social skill building groups focusing on authentic connection; Positive Behavioral Support Plans (BIP) centered on proactive sensory and emotional support; explicit instruction in daily schedule changes and transitions.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Access to a quiet sensory decompression space when overwhelmed; advance visual or verbal notifications before schedule changes or fire drills; visual schedules and social narratives; noise-canceling headphones in loud environments; alternative quiet lunchroom or assembly seating; permission to engage in harmless stimming behaviors; clear, concrete instructions without sarcasm; option for individual work instead of unstructured group projects.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What sensory factors in the school environment (e.g., lighting, noise, transitions) have been identified as potential triggers?
2. How are staff supporting my child's communication needs and self-advocacy skills throughout the day?
3. What quiet, safe space is available for my child to take sensory breaks before becoming dysregulated?
4. How will changes in the daily routine or substitute teachers be communicated to my child in advance?
5. What sensory accommodations (such as noise-canceling headphones) are incorporated into daily routines?
6. Does my child have access to speech-language or OT services, and how are these integrated into the classroom?
7. How will group projects be structured to ensure my child feels included and supported without undue stress?
8. Are staff trained in autism neurodiversity-affirming practices and positive behavioral supports?
9. What strategies are being used during unstructured times like recess, lunch, and hallway transitions?
10. How does the team distinguish between sensory overload and behavioral non-compliance?
11. How will social communication and emotional regulation goals be measured and reviewed?
12. When will the team review the effectiveness of the sensory and communication supports currently in place?

Speech Sound Disorder (Articulation and Phonological Disorder)

ICD-10 CODE:

F80.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

A Speech Sound Disorder encompasses articulation disorders (difficulty physically producing specific speech sounds like 'r', 's', or 'l') and phonological disorders (difficulty learning the sound rules and patterns of language, such as substituting back-of-mouth sounds for front sounds). It impacts clear communication and can sometimes affect early literacy.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with a Speech Sound Disorder may be difficult for teachers and peers to understand; hesitate to speak up in class or answer questions aloud; show frustration when misidentified or asked to repeat themselves; experience difficulty with early reading decoding and spelling phonics; or encounter peer teasing due to speech differences.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing speech sound inventory, oral mechanism structure, speech intelligibility in connected speech, and phonological processing); Educational Evaluation to monitor impact on reading and spelling development.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct speech-language therapy provided by a licensed Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) individually or in small groups; speech sound practice integrated into literacy instruction; supportive classroom communication strategies.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Allowing extra wait time for verbal responses; avoiding correcting speech errors in front of peers; providing alternative ways to demonstrate knowledge (written, visual, or digital responses); seated near the teacher for acoustic clarity; pre-teaching reading vocabulary; use of augmentative or visual communication supports if speech intelligibility is significantly reduced during moments of frustration.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific speech sounds or phonological patterns are most challenging for my child?
2. What is my child's overall speech intelligibility percentage in quiet vs. noisy classroom settings?
3. How many minutes per week of direct speech therapy are recommended, and will therapy be individual or group-based?
4. How is the speech-language pathologist collaborating with the classroom teacher to support reading and spelling?
5. What strategies are teachers using to give my child adequate wait time when speaking without pressure?
6. How do staff handle situations where peers have difficulty understanding my child's speech?
7. What accommodations ensure my child is not penalized on oral presentations or class participation grades?
8. How will speech practice activities be coordinated between school and home?
9. Are there phonological errors that might be affecting my child's reading decoding or spelling performance?
10. How will speech intelligibility and sound accuracy goals be measured and reported?
11. What criteria will be used to determine when speech therapy services are no longer needed?
12. How often will the speech-language pathologist review progress with the IEP team?

Developmental Language Disorder (Expressive and Receptive Language Disorder)

ICD-10 CODE:

F80.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting how children understand (receptive) and use (expressive) spoken and written language. It is not caused by hearing loss or intellectual disability, but leads to persistent difficulty processing complex sentences, learning vocabulary, and structuring spoken or written ideas.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with DLD may have difficulty following multi-step verbal instructions; struggle to understand complex reading passages or abstract concepts; take longer to formulate spoken responses; struggle to organize thoughts when writing or speaking; misinterpret figurative language or jokes; rely on simplified vocabulary; or appear quiet or disengaged during class discussions.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing receptive language comprehension, expressive sentence structure, vocabulary depth, narrative skills, and language processing speed); Psychoeducational Evaluation (to rule out general cognitive limitations and assess verbal reasoning).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct speech-language therapy focusing on receptive comprehension, sentence formulation, vocabulary expansion, and narrative structure; co-teaching models between speech-language pathologists and general education teachers; explicit instruction in academic language structures.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Use of clear, short, direct spoken instructions supported by visual aids; extended wait time (5-10 seconds) for formulating verbal responses; pre-teaching key vocabulary and concepts before new units; visual graphic organizers for speaking and writing tasks; simplified text or reduced reading complexity for assignments; check for understanding by asking the student to rephrase instructions.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How does my child's receptive language comprehension compare to their expressive language output?
2. What specific standardized language assessments were administered by the Speech-Language Pathologist?
3. How many sessions of speech-language therapy will my child receive, and in what setting?
4. How are teachers modifying spoken classroom instruction to ensure my child understands lessons?
5. What visual supports and graphic organizers are used across academic subjects to aid language processing?
6. How is the team ensuring that my child is given adequate wait time to process questions and respond?
7. How will reading comprehension and written expression assignments be adapted to match my child's language skills?
8. What strategies are used to teach abstract or academic vocabulary across content areas?
9. How will progress on receptive and expressive language goals be monitored and documented?
10. Are classroom tests modified to reduce overly complex language phrasing?
11. How does DLD affect my child's social interactions with peers, and what support is provided?
12. When will the team meet to review whether current language supports are sufficient?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F41.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a mental health condition characterized by excessive, persistent, and uncontrollable worry about a wide variety of everyday events, academic performance, social interactions, or family safety. It causes heightened physiological arousal and can significantly interfere with concentration and school functioning.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with GAD may seek frequent reassurance from teachers; experience stomachaches, headaches, or muscle tension; exhibit perfectionism, tearing up assignments if not perfect; avoid taking academic risks or speaking up; freeze during tests or oral presentations; experience fatigue from constant worry; or miss school due to somatic anxiety symptoms.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing anxiety severity, emotional functioning, and cognitive strengths); School Social Work or Counseling Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) if anxiety leads to avoidance or school refusal behaviors.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling services with a school psychologist or social worker; instruction in evidence-based cognitive-behavioral anxiety coping strategies; positive behavior support plan to manage school avoidance or panic; structured check-in with a trusted adult at the start of the day.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Access to a safe, quiet pass to visit the counselor when experiencing severe anxiety; permission to complete presentations privately for the teacher or record them; extended time on tests to reduce time pressure; break long projects into smaller deadlines to prevent overwhelm; warning prior to unexpected fire drills or schedule changes; seating near supportive peers or near exit for quick break access; option to modify high-stress timed tests.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's anxiety expressing itself in the classroom environment (e.g., withdrawal, somatic complaints, perfectionism)?
2. What specific triggers at school seem to increase my child's anxiety levels?
3. What coping strategies is the school counseling staff currently practicing with my child?
4. How does my child access a designated safe space or counselor when feeling overwhelmed?
5. Are accommodations in place to modify high-anxiety situations like surprise quizzes or public speaking?
6. How are teachers providing reassurance without reinforcing obsessive worry or dependence?
7. What plan is in place if my child experiences panic or physical anxiety symptoms (e.g., nausea, hyperventilation)?
8. How is extended test time being utilized to reduce anxiety during exams?
9. How will homework load be managed during periods of heightened anxiety?
10. What communication plan exists between home and school to monitor daily anxiety levels?
11. How will goals related to emotional regulation and self-advocacy be tracked?
12. When will the team evaluate the effectiveness of the current anxiety management plan?

Major Depressive Disorder (Childhood/Adolescent Depression)

ICD-10 CODE:

F32.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Major Depressive Disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, or irritability, along with a loss of interest in activities, low energy, cognitive slowing, and changes in sleep or appetite. In children and adolescents, it often manifests as irritability, withdrawal, and noticeable drops in academic performance.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Depression may display severe fatigue or low physical energy; struggle with concentration, memory, and task initiation; exhibit irritability or sudden withdrawal from friends; show a dramatic decline in grades or missing work; express negative self-talk ('I'm stupid', 'It doesn't matter'); or have frequent absences or tardiness.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological / Mental Health Evaluation (assessing mood, emotional regulation, and safety risk); School Counseling Assessment; Educational Evaluation to review academic decline and cognitive processing impacts; Crisis Risk Assessment if safety concerns arise.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling support with a school psychologist or social worker; crisis safety planning and designated adult check-ins; academic recovery and workload modification plans; supportive re-entry plan following medical or psychiatric leave.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Reduced workload and flexible assignment deadlines during depressive episodes; shortened school day or reduced course load if energy is severely impacted; access to rest or quiet breaks in the nurse's or counselor's office; preferential seating near supportive peers; permission to submit alternate forms of work; late arrival / tardy accommodations without punitive consequences; study hall support for task organization.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What changes in my child's academic performance, energy, or peer interactions have staff observed at school?
2. Who is my child's primary designated support person at school when feeling overwhelmed or exhausted?
3. What is the school's safety protocol and response plan if my child expresses feelings of hopelessness or self-harm?
4. How is the academic workload being adjusted to prevent my child from being overwhelmed by missing assignments?
5. How are teachers supporting task initiation and executive function when my child experiences mental fatigue?
6. What plan is in place to support attendance and late arrivals without academic or disciplinary penalties?
7. How can my child take quiet breaks in the nurse's office or counseling center when energy is low?
8. What accommodations will help my child participate in group work without feeling socially isolated?
9. How are school counseling staff coordinating with our private mental health therapists?
10. What re-entry accommodations exist if my child requires a temporary medical absence?
11. How will emotional well-being and academic progress goals be monitored and communicated?
12. When will the team reconvene to review academic and emotional supports?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F91.3

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a neurobehavioral condition characterized by a persistent pattern of angry, irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness toward authority figures. It is often linked to underlying executive functioning deficits, emotional dysregulation, or unrecognized learning and anxiety challenges.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with ODD may frequently argue with teachers or defy class rules; refuse to complete assignments when feeling controlled or overwhelmed; blame others for mistakes or misbehavior; become easily annoyed or lose their temper; test boundaries in group settings; or express frustration through verbal defiance when experiencing academic pressure.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) (to identify environmental triggers, antecedents, and communicative functions of defiant behaviors); Psychoeducational Evaluation (to rule out underlying unaddressed learning disabilities, ADHD, or processing disorders); School Psychological / Social Work Assessment (evaluating emotional regulation).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Development of a proactive Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP); counseling focused on emotional regulation, conflict resolution, and self-advocacy; collaborative & proactive problem-solving (CPS) models; implementation of restorative behavior practices instead of zero-tolerance punitive discipline.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Offering structured choices rather than directive demands ('Would you like to start with math or reading first?'); designated cool-down break area when frustration rises; private non-verbal cues for teacher feedback to avoid public power struggles; de-escalation protocols for staff; positive reinforcement for task completion and compliance; reduced workload when frustrated; seating away from triggers.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What environmental triggers or specific classroom demands most frequently precede defiant or argumentative behavior?
2. Has a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) been conducted to determine the underlying cause of these behaviors?
3. Is there a Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) in place, and how are all staff trained to implement it?
4. How are teachers using choices and collaborative problem-solving instead of direct commands and power struggles?
5. What de-escalation strategies are used when my child becomes frustrated before behavior escalates?
6. How is the school ensuring that disciplinary consequences are instructional and restorative rather than purely punitive?
7. Have underlying learning disabilities, ADHD, or sensory overload been evaluated as root causes of frustration?
8. What designated cool-down space can my child access independently when feeling irritable?
9. How are positive behaviors and self-regulation efforts acknowledged and reinforced?
10. How will behavior data be collected, analyzed, and shared with parents on a regular basis?
11. What training have my child's teachers received in trauma-informed and de-escalation techniques?
12. When will the team meet to review the effectiveness of the behavior plan?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F42.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a neurobiological condition characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges (obsessions) that cause intense anxiety, accompanied by repetitive mental or physical behaviors (compulsions) performed to reduce that distress or prevent a feared outcome.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with OCD may erase written work repeatedly until paper tears; struggle to complete tests due to perfectionism or counting rituals; spend excessive time in the restroom performing handwashing rituals; seek constant reassurance regarding rules or safety; avoid touching certain objects or desks; or experience severe mental fatigue from battling compulsions while trying to listen.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing OCD symptoms, intrusive thoughts, compulsions, and impact on learning); School Social Work / Counseling Evaluation; Educational Evaluation assessing test completion speed and writing mechanics; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) regarding avoidance or ritualistic behaviors.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling incorporating Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) alignment; collaboration with private ERP therapists; flexible educational expectations during high-obsessive periods.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to use computer/typing to reduce handwriting erasure rituals; extended time on tests and assignments; reduced length of written assignments; exemption from reading aloud or touching specific trigger items; designated quiet bathroom or reduced handwashing restrictions with therapeutic accommodations; non-verbal signal to step out for a brief break when compulsions peak; alternate testing environment; accommodation for tardiness caused by morning ritual compulsions.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How are my child's compulsions or intrusive thoughts impacting their classroom participation and assignment completion?
2. Are school counseling staff collaborating with our private Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) therapist?
3. How are teachers trained to handle reassurance-seeking without accommodating or validating OCD fears?
4. What accommodations exist for writing tasks if erasing or rewriting rituals are occurring?
5. How is extended test time being implemented to reduce panic surrounding perfectionism?
6. What plan is in place if my child gets stuck in a restroom or handwashing ritual during the school day?
7. How can my child privately signal the teacher when intrusive thoughts make focusing impossible?
8. What adjustments can be made to morning tardiness policies if home rituals delay school arrival?
9. Are alternative test formats available to bypass specific OCD triggers (e.g., digital vs. paper)?
10. How will school staff avoid inadvertently increasing compulsions through accommodating rituals?
11. How will progress on managing school-based OCD symptoms be tracked and shared?
12. When will the IEP or 504 team meet next to review accommodations?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F43.10

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying, traumatic event. In children and youth, it alters stress response systems, leading to intrusive memories, hyperarousal, emotional numbing, avoidance of trauma triggers, and difficulty feeling safe in public settings like school.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with PTSD may exhibit sudden hypervigilance or exaggerated startle response to loud noises (doors slamming, PA announcements); experience sudden emotional dysregulation or panic; struggle with memory and concentration; dissociate or appear spacey/withdrawn; show distress during specific topics or dates; or display sudden explosive behaviors when feeling cornered.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (evaluating trauma symptoms, hyperarousal, emotional regulation, and safety); School Social Work Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) focusing on trauma triggers; Trauma-Informed Screening.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Trauma-informed school environment and staff practices; regular check-ins with a school counselor or social worker; crisis de-escalation plan emphasizing safety and regulation; support from trauma-trained educational specialists.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Access to a designated safe space and trusted adult at any time without penalty; advance notice for fire drills, lockdown drills, or loud bell changes; seating positioned so student can see the doorway and classroom environment; permission to step out of class if a trauma trigger occurs; predictable routines and advance notice of changes; reduced assignment length during trauma anniversaries; non-punitive break pass.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What trauma-informed practices and training do my child's teachers and support staff possess?
2. Have specific trauma triggers in the school environment (e.g., loud noises, sudden approach, specific topics) been identified?
3. What designated safe space and trusted adult can my child access when feeling hyperaroused or triggered?
4. How are fire drills, lockdown drills, and sudden schedule changes communicated to my child in advance?
5. How are staff trained to respond with de-escalation and safety rather than discipline during emotional distress?
6. What seating accommodations allow my child to feel physically safe and aware of their surroundings?
7. How does the school support my child's academic workload during periods of trauma reactivity or grief?
8. What accommodations prevent my child from being startled by staff or peers approaching from behind?
9. How is memory impairment from trauma hyperarousal accommodated during testing?
10. How will school counseling staff collaborate with community mental health providers?
11. How will goals related to emotional regulation and feeling safe at school be monitored?
12. When will the team meet to review and refine the trauma support plan?

Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia)

ICD-10 CODE:

F82

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), often called Dyspraxia, is a lifelong neurological condition that affects physical coordination, motor planning, spatial awareness, and fine and gross motor skills. It makes executing everyday physical tasks and movements significantly more effortful despite normal muscle strength.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Dyspraxia may bump into desks or doors; struggle with handwriting, cutting with scissors, or buttoning clothing; experience severe difficulty in physical education (PE) activities like catching or kicking balls; write slowly and experience physical muscle fatigue; struggle with spatial organization on paper; or appear clumsy during hallway navigation.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (assessing visual-motor integration, fine motor precision, graphomotor fluency, and daily living skills); Physical Therapy (PT) Evaluation (assessing gross motor skills, balance, posture, and gait); Assistive Technology (AT) Evaluation for motor-free writing tools.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct Occupational Therapy and/or Physical Therapy services; adaptive physical education (APE); explicit motor instruction and breakdown of physical activities into sequential steps; assistive technology instruction.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Speech-to-text software or permission to type instead of handwrite; adaptive PE modifications or alternative physical fitness options; extra time for hallway transitions to avoid crowded spaces; adaptive writing utensils and slant boards; extended time for written assignments and tests; assistance with lunch trays, opening food containers, or managing winter clothing; visual-spatial templates for math and science.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific fine motor and gross motor challenges were identified in the Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy evaluations?
2. How many minutes of direct OT and PT service will my child receive each week?
3. How will Physical Education (PE) be modified to ensure safe and meaningful participation without frustration?
4. What assistive technology options (e.g., speech-to-text, keyboarding) are being provided to bypass handwriting motor demands?
5. How are staff supporting my child during physical transitions like hallway passing periods and stairs?
6. What accommodations are provided in the cafeteria for carrying lunch trays or opening containers?
7. How will handwriting fatigue be managed during long tests or essay writing?
8. What specialized tools (slant boards, pencil grips, weighted pens) will be available in the classroom?
9. How will progress in gross and fine motor goals be tracked and reported?
10. What adaptations will be made during art, science labs, or practical hands-on classes?
11. How will school staff protect my child from peer teasing or isolation during physical sports?
12. When will the OT, PT, and teaching team meet to review motor progress?

Sensory Processing Differences (Sensory Integration Dysfunction)

ICD-10 CODE:

F88

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Sensory Processing Differences occur when the brain struggles to organize, process, and respond appropriately to information received from the senses (touch, sound, sight, taste, smell, proprioception, and vestibular motion). Students may be sensory hyper-reactive (avoiding), hypo-reactive (seeking), or struggle with sensory discrimination.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with sensory differences may cover their ears during announcements or noisy cafeterias; react strongly to clothing tags or textures; seek heavy movement, spinning, or crashing into mats; avoid messy art materials like glue or paint; become overwhelmed in brightly lit or cluttered classrooms; display restlessness or frequent fidgeting; or experience sensory-induced meltdowns.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Occupational Therapy Evaluation using standardized sensory assessments (e.g., Sensory Profile 2 or Sensory Processing Measure); Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) if sensory distress leads to avoidance or behavioral responses; Speech-Language Evaluation if oral-sensory issues exist.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct Occupational Therapy focusing on sensory integration therapy; design and implementation of an individualized daily 'Sensory Diet'; consultation between OT and classroom staff to adapt sensory environments; co-regulation coaching.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Access to noise-canceling headphones; alternative flexible seating options (wobble stools, seat cushions, standing desks); scheduled sensory diet breaks (heavy work, compression, linear swinging); permission to wear comfortable seamless clothing or keep hoodie up; dim lighting or seat away from fluorescent lights; quiet lunchroom or assembly alternatives; fidget tools; sensory tool kit.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific sensory patterns (hyper-reactivity, hypo-reactivity, sensory seeking) were identified on the Sensory Profile?
2. What specific elements of the classroom environment (fluorescent lights, noise, crowded desks) act as sensory triggers?
3. Is a formal 'Sensory Diet' embedded into my child's daily school schedule?
4. How is the Occupational Therapist training classroom teachers to recognize signs of sensory overload early?
5. What alternative seating options (e.g., wobble cushions, standing desks) are available in each classroom?
6. Where is the designated quiet sensory space for my child to decompress when sensory overload occurs?
7. What accommodations are provided for noisy, unstructured times like assemblies, cafeteria, and fire drills?
8. How are sensory breaks scheduled proactively throughout the day rather than reactively after distress?
9. What sensory tools (noise-canceling headphones, weighted lap pads, fidgets) will be allowed during instruction and testing?
10. How will school staff differentiate between sensory-driven behaviors and intentional non-compliance?
11. How will progress on sensory self-regulation goals be monitored?
12. When will the OT and educational team review the effectiveness of the sensory supports?

Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)

ICD-10 CODE:

H93.25

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) is a neurological disorder affecting how the brain recognizes and interprets sound patterns, particularly speech. While hearing sensitivity (audiogram) is typically normal, the brain struggles to process auditory information in noisy environments, discriminate between similar speech sounds, or retain spoken instructions.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with APD may say 'what?' or 'huh?' frequently; struggle to understand spoken lessons when background noise is present (HVAC, chatter); confuse similar sounding words (e.g., 'seventy' and 'seventeen'); struggle to follow multi-step oral directions; experience severe listening fatigue by afternoon; perform better with visual aids; or struggle with phonics and reading decoding.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Central Auditory Processing Evaluation performed by an Audiologist (assessing dichotic listening, temporal processing, and speech-in-noise discrimination); Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing auditory memory, comprehension, and phonological awareness); Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating listening comprehension and working memory).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Speech-language therapy targeting auditory memory, auditory discrimination, and active listening strategies; consultation with an educational audiologist; acoustic classroom enhancements; direct instruction in self-advocacy for clarification.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Use of a Personal FM/DM Assistive Listening System (teacher wears a transmitter microphone connected to student receivers); preferential seating near the speaker and away from noise sources (windows, fans, doors); visual aids, written outlines, and graphic organizers to accompany all spoken lectures; pre-teaching vocabulary; check for understanding by asking for student repetition; reduced background noise testing environment; closed captioning on educational videos.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific areas of central auditory processing (e.g., listening in noise, auditory memory, dichotic listening) were diagnosed by the audiologist?
2. Is a Personal FM/DM Assistive Listening System recommended, and who will maintain and check the device daily?
3. What acoustic modifications (e.g., felt pads on chair legs, carpet, sound-absorbing panels) can be made in my child's classrooms?
4. How are teachers ensuring preferential seating away from noise sources like HVAC units, doors, and hallway chatter?
5. How will spoken lessons be accompanied by written outlines, visual slides, or graphic organizers?
6. How will teachers confirm that my child has accurately processed multi-step verbal instructions?
7. What accommodations will reduce listening fatigue during long lectures or late-afternoon classes?
8. Are video materials required to have closed captioning enabled during instruction?
9. How will testing environments be modified to eliminate background noise distractions?
10. What strategies will the speech-language pathologist use to strengthen my child's auditory memory and discrimination?
11. How will progress in listening comprehension and auditory processing goals be measured?
12. When will the team review the effectiveness of the auditory accommodations and assistive technology?

Visual Processing Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

H53.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Visual Processing Disorder is a neurological condition where the brain struggles to process, discriminate, and interpret visual information received by the eyes. The student's visual acuity (eye check) is typically normal, but the brain has difficulty organizing visual inputs, recognizing patterns, or coordinating visual information with motor movements.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with a Visual Processing Disorder may confuse similar letters or numbers (e.g., b/d, 6/9); struggle to line up columns in math problems; lose their place while reading or skip lines of text; experience severe visual fatigue or eye strain during reading; struggle to copy notes from the whiteboard; or misread maps, charts, and diagrams.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Educational / Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating visual processing speed, spatial reasoning, and visual memory); Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation assessing visual-motor integration (e.g., Beery VMI); Vision Specialist / Developmental Optometrist Assessment to evaluate functional visual skills.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Occupational therapy focusing on visual-motor integration and spatial organization; specialized vision instruction or consultation with a vision specialist; clear visual formatting in instructional materials.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Enlarged print or high-contrast reading materials; line-guides or reading trackers to follow lines of text; graph paper or grid templates to align math calculations; simplified worksheets with reduced visual clutter; permission to type or dictate notes instead of copying from the board; extended time on visual-heavy tests; pre-printed class notes and diagrams.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific areas of visual processing (e.g., visual discrimination, visual memory, visual-spatial layout) are most challenging for my child?
2. How is my child's visual processing impacting reading decoding, line tracking, and math alignment?
3. Has an Occupational Therapy evaluation evaluated visual-motor integration and graphomotor performance?
4. What visual adaptations (e.g., line trackers, enlarged fonts, high contrast) will be used in the classroom?
5. How are teachers reducing visual clutter on worksheets and assessments?
6. Are digital copies of whiteboard notes provided to avoid visual copying strain?
7. What accommodations exist for standardized or timed tests involving heavy visual reading?
8. How will screen-based work be managed to prevent visual fatigue and headaches?
9. What specialized grid paper or layout templates are allowed during math assessments?
10. How will progress in visual-spatial organization be measured and reported?
11. Will my child be granted extra time on reading and visual mapping tasks?
12. When will the team review the effectiveness of current visual accommodations?

Intellectual Disability (Mild to Moderate)

ICD-10 CODE:

F70

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Intellectual Disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning (such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers everyday social and practical life skills. Supports are structured around individual strengths and functional learning targets.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with a mild-to-moderate Intellectual Disability may acquire academic skills at a slower pace; require concrete, hands-on learning experiences; benefit from step-by-step sequential instruction; experience difficulty with abstract concepts or multi-step reasoning; need explicit support for independent daily living skills; or benefit from visual social stories.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating cognitive abilities and learning rate); Adaptive Behavior Assessment (e.g., ABAS-3 or Vineland-3 assessing daily living, communication, and social skills); Speech-Language Evaluation; Occupational Therapy Evaluation for functional life skills.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction tailored to individual developmental level; direct instruction in adaptive life skills and self-advocacy; speech-language therapy for functional communication; occupational therapy for daily living activities; co-taught or resource room learning environments.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Modified curriculum and learning standards matching functional instructional levels; visual schedules and step-by-step graphic task boards; reduced difficulty and length of assignments; concrete learning manipulatives; extended time for task processing and completion; alternate assessment options; peer buddy support during unstructured times.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific academic and adaptive assessments were used to determine my child's current functional levels?
2. How is the general education curriculum being modified to meet my child's individual learning goals?
3. What specific adaptive daily living skills (e.g., self-care, safety, organization) are targeted in the IEP?
4. How much of the school day will my child spend in inclusive general education vs. specialized instruction settings?
5. What concrete, hands-on instructional tools are used to teach new academic concepts?
6. How are speech-language and occupational therapy goals integrated into the daily classroom routine?
7. What visual schedules and step-by-step task guides are provided for daily transitions?
8. How will my child's progress toward individualized IEP goals be measured and reported?
9. What accommodations and supports are provided during unstructured times like cafeteria, recess, and assemblies?
10. How are peer interaction and social inclusion fostered in a supportive environment?
11. What transition and life-skills planning will prepare my child for future independence?
12. When will the IEP team meet to review current goals and adaptive progress?

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

ICD-10 CODE:

Q90.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Down Syndrome is a genetic condition caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is associated with characteristic physical features, low muscle tone (hypotonia), intellectual and developmental differences, visual and auditory variations, and speech-language processing differences.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Down Syndrome may exhibit strong visual learning capabilities alongside speech articulation or language delays; experience fine motor fatigue when writing due to low muscle tone; benefit from clear visual schedules and routines; require extra time to process spoken information; demonstrate vibrant social motivation while needing support with complex language dynamics; or experience fatigue.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Evaluation (cognitive, academic, speech-language, OT, and PT assessments); Speech-Language Evaluation (focusing on articulation, oral motor strength, and expressive language); Occupational Therapy Evaluation (evaluating fine motor skills and hypotonia impacts); Physical Therapy Evaluation (assessing gross motor stability and gait); Vision and Hearing Screenings.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction with modified curriculum; direct speech-language therapy; occupational and physical therapy services; inclusion support in general education classrooms with paraprofessional support if appropriate; visual literacy strategies.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Visual schedules, graphic organizers, and visual communication aids; modified assignments with reduced text density; extended processing and response time; speech-to-text software or tablet-based communication apps; slant board and adaptive writing grips; frequent movement and rest breaks to manage muscle fatigue; modified physical education (APE).

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What are my child's relative learning strengths (e.g., visual memory, reading sight words) and how are they being leveraged?
2. How are speech-language, OT, and PT services coordinated to support classroom participation?
3. What specific curriculum modifications are implemented in general education classes?
4. How are teachers supporting expressive language delays during class discussions and social interactions?
5. What accommodations are provided to manage low muscle tone and writing fatigue?
6. How is assistive technology (such as communication apps or speech-to-text) integrated into daily learning?
7. What visual supports and picture schedules are used to promote independent transitions?
8. How is Adaptive Physical Education (APE) structured to ensure safe physical activity?
9. How will progress on academic, communication, and motor goals be documented and reported?
10. How are peer buddy programs used to encourage authentic social inclusion at lunch and recess?
11. Are regular hearing and vision screenings coordinated to ensure optimal access to instruction?
12. When will the multidisciplinary team meet to review overall progress?

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

ICD-10 CODE:

G80.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of permanent neurological disorders affecting posture, movement, balance, and muscle tone. It is caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain before, during, or shortly after birth. Cognitive abilities vary widely, ranging from typical intelligence to co-occurring learning differences.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Cerebral Palsy may use mobility devices (wheelchair, walker, braces); experience muscle spasticity, stiffness, or involuntary movements; write slowly or encounter severe graphomotor fatigue; experience speech articulation differences (dysarthria); require extra time for physical transitions between classrooms; or require support with physical self-care.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Physical Therapy (PT) Evaluation (assessing mobility, gross motor skills, seating alignment, and physical access); Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (evaluating fine motor skills, writing, and adaptive feeding/dressing); Assistive Technology (AT) Evaluation (for augmentative communication, computer access, and adaptive seating); Speech-Language Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy services; Adaptive Physical Education (APE); assistive technology instruction; speech-language therapy for speech clarity or augmentative communication; paraprofessional support for mobility and physical transfers if needed.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Accessible classroom layouts with widened pathways; slant board, weighted pens, or speech-to-text/keyboarding for written work; extended time for physical tasks and classroom transitions; adaptive seating or standing desks; alternative physical education activities; permission to use elevator or leave class early for passing periods; rest breaks to manage physical muscle spasticity.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific physical access modifications (e.g., ramps, wide aisles, adaptive seating) are needed in my child's classrooms?
2. How many minutes of direct Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy will my child receive weekly?
3. What assistive technology (e.g., eye-gaze systems, speech-to-text, switches) will be provided for written and spoken participation?
4. How are staff trained in safe physical transfers, seating alignment, and mobility equipment operation?
5. How will physical education be adapted to ensure meaningful and safe participation?
6. What accommodations allow extra time for classroom transitions without missing instruction?
7. How are writing fatigue and muscle spasticity accommodated during tests and extended assignments?
8. What support is provided in the cafeteria for carrying trays, opening containers, or feeding?
9. How will school staff ensure full accessibility during emergency evacuation drills?
10. How will speech clarity or alternative augmentative communication (AAC) devices be supported in class?
11. How will motor and academic progress be measured and reviewed by the team?
12. When will the physical access and therapy team meet to review current supports?

Pediatric Asthma

ICD-10 CODE:

J45.909

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Pediatric Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways causing episodic breathing difficulty, chest tightness, coughing, and wheezing. It is triggered by environmental allergens, cold air, respiratory infections, exercise, or stress. With proper health planning, students participate fully in school routines.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Asthma may experience sudden coughing fits or shortness of breath during PE or outdoor recess; miss school days due to severe asthma flares or medical visits; experience fatigue or reduced concentration following nighttime coughing episodes; or need immediate access to quick-relief rescue inhalers.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment and review of physician Asthma Action Plan; Educational Evaluation to assess academic impact if frequent school absences occur; Section 504 Evaluation for health accommodation planning.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing services for health monitoring and medication administration; Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP) and Emergency Action Plan; consultation between school nurse, PE staff, and family.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Immediate self-carry or quick access to rescue inhaler (albuterol) per physician order; pre-medication before physical education or outdoor exercise; modified physical education during respiratory illness or poor air quality days; allergen reduction in classroom (avoiding furry pets, strong fragrances, mold, or dust); permission to rest in nurse's office during respiratory distress; non-punitive attendance accommodations for medical absences; option to complete missed schoolwork digitally.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a comprehensive Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP) and Asthma Action Plan on file with the school nurse?
2. How will school staff ensure immediate access to my child's rescue inhaler in the classroom, PE, and field trips?
3. Are classroom teachers and PE staff trained to recognize early signs of asthma distress and administer inhalers?
4. How will physical education activities be modified when my child experiences exercise-induced asthma?
5. What environmental modifications (e.g., air filters, fragrance-free policies, indoor recess on high-pollen days) are in place?
6. What is the exact protocol if my child experiences a severe asthma attack at school?
7. How will missed schoolwork and tests be managed during asthma-related absences without academic penalty?
8. How can my child take rest breaks in the nurse's office if nighttime coughing causes daytime fatigue?
9. Will my child be allowed to self-carry their inhaler if authorized by our physician and state guidelines?
10. How are substitute teachers informed about my child's asthma action plan?
11. How will communication between the school nurse, family, and physician be maintained?
12. When will the 504/health team meet to review the asthma management plan?

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

ICD-10 CODE:

E10.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is an autoimmune condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. It requires continuous glucose monitoring, blood sugar checks, insulin administration (via injections or pump), and careful balancing of carbohydrates, physical activity, and stress throughout the school day.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Type 1 Diabetes may need to check blood glucose levels or monitor continuous glucose monitor (CGM) alerts; administer insulin before eating; treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) with fast-acting carbohydrates; experience temporary cognitive confusion, irritability, or fatigue during blood sugar swings; or need frequent restroom breaks during high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nursing Assessment reviewing the medical Diabetes Medical Management Plan (DMMP); Section 504 Evaluation to establish health accommodations and non-discriminatory access to school programs.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct School Nursing support; training of designated non-medical school personnel (Trained Diabetes Personnel); implementation of a 504 Plan and Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP); crisis emergency response planning.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to monitor blood glucose, wear CGM/pump devices, and treat blood sugar anywhere on school grounds; immediate access to fast-acting glucose, snacks, and emergency glucagon; unrestricted access to restroom and water fountain; testing accommodations (pausing test clock during blood sugar checks or treatment); permission to carry phone/receiver for CGM tracking; non-punitive attendance policies for medical appointments; full participation in field trips and extracurricular activities with trained staff.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan and Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP) fully established based on our doctor's Diabetes Medical Management Plan (DMMP)?
2. Who are the trained diabetes personnel in the building when the school nurse is unavailable?
3. How are classroom teachers trained to recognize and respond immediately to low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)?
4. Is my child permitted to check blood glucose, treat lows, and monitor CGM devices anywhere on campus?
5. How will standardized and classroom test clocks be paused if my child experiences a low or high blood sugar event during testing?
6. What is the procedure for handling CGM alarms or phone notifications during class without phone confiscation?
7. How will staff ensure my child has full, equal access to field trips and after-school activities with trained support?
8. Where will emergency glucose and glucagon kits be stored, and who is trained to administer emergency glucagon?
9. How will carbohydrate counts for school lunches be verified and provided to my child/family?
10. What accommodations exist for unrestricted bathroom and water access during high blood sugars?
11. How will missed schoolwork be handled following diabetes-related absences or nurse visits?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review and update the diabetes plan?

Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders

ICD-10 CODE:

G40.909

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by a tendency to experience recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures result from temporary abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary from brief staring spells (absence seizures) to muscle twitching (focal) or loss of consciousness with convulsions (tonic-clonic).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Epilepsy may experience brief lapses of awareness or staring spells during lessons; experience sudden motor seizures; require recovery time (post-ictal period) involving severe fatigue, confusion, or headache following a seizure; experience side effects from anti-seizure medications (drowsiness, processing delay); or miss school for medical testing.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nursing Health Assessment reviewing the physician's Seizure Action Plan; Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating memory, processing speed, and cognitive impacts); Section 504 or IEP Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; comprehensive staff training on seizure recognition and first aid; Seizure Action Plan (SAP); direct educational support for memory and processing speed differences.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Seizure Action Plan on file with immediate access to rescue medication (e.g., nasal midazolam) administered by trained staff; rest breaks following seizure activity; re-teaching or providing written summaries of instruction missed during absence/staring seizures; extended time on tests; safety accommodations in physical education, lab science, and near water; non-punitive attendance policies.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan (SAP) established and reviewed by the school nurse and staff?
2. Which specific staff members (teachers, PE coaches, bus drivers) are trained in seizure first aid and emergency rescue medication administration?
3. How do teachers identify and document subtle seizure types, such as absence staring spells, in the classroom?
4. What protocol is followed if my child experiences a seizure, and where can they rest during the post-ictal recovery period?
5. How will instruction missed during staring spells or post-seizure recovery be re-taught or provided in writing?
6. How are medication side effects, such as drowsiness or reduced processing speed, accommodated in class?
7. What safety measures are implemented during PE, swimming, science labs, and field trips?
8. Under what specific medical conditions will 911 / emergency medical services be called?
9. What testing accommodations (e.g., extended time, rest breaks) will be provided?
10. How will school absences for medical appointments or EEGs be handled without academic penalty?
11. How will staff protect my child's dignity and privacy among peers following a seizure at school?
12. When will the 504/IEP team meet to evaluate the seizure management plan?

Migraine and Chronic Daily Headaches

ICD-10 CODE:

G43.909

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder involving recurrent episodes of moderate-to-severe headache pain, often accompanied by visual disturbances (aura), severe sensitivity to light (photophobia) and sound (phonophobia), nausea, and cognitive fog. Chronic daily headaches significantly impact consistent school attendance and focus.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Migraine may experience sudden onset of severe head pain; express intense sensitivity to bright classroom fluorescent lights or noisy halls; experience nausea or dizziness; struggle with reading or screen work during pre-headache or headache phases; exhibit brain fog and slow processing; or miss multiple school days.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nursing Assessment reviewing medical headache management plan; Educational Evaluation to analyze academic gaps due to frequent health-related absences; Section 504 Evaluation for health accommodations.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; Section 504 Plan implementation; home-school communication protocol for health absences; modified academic workload plans during chronic headache flares.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Immediate pass to rest in a quiet, dark nurse's office at onset of symptoms; access to prescription or OTC headache medication as authorized by physician; seating away from bright fluorescent lights or windows; dim lighting accommodations or blue-light blocking glasses; reduced computer screen time during headache recovery; flexible assignment deadlines; non-punitive attendance policies and makeup work plans.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What is the immediate procedure when my child reports migraine symptoms to a teacher or staff member?
2. How can my child access a quiet, dimly lit space in the nurse's office to rest and take medication without delay?
3. How will classroom lighting (e.g., fluorescent lights) or noise triggers be modified to reduce migraine frequency?
4. What accommodations exist for computer screen work when screen use triggers or worsens headache pain?
5. How will missed class instruction and assignments be provided during migraine-related absences?
6. What plan is in place to prevent my child from falling behind academically during chronic headache cycles?
7. Are testing accommodations (such as extended time, quiet testing environment, and rest breaks) provided during headache recovery?
8. How are teachers informed about migraine 'brain fog' and its impact on cognitive processing speed?
9. What non-punitive attendance accommodations exist for tardiness or partial-day absences caused by morning migraines?
10. How will medication prescribed by our physician be stored and administered at school?
11. How will staff maintain regular communication with parents regarding headache frequency at school?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review the effectiveness of the headache accommodations?

Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders

ICD-10 CODE:

F95.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movements (motor tics) and vocal sounds (vocal tics). Tics wax and wane over time and increase with stress, anxiety, or fatigue. TS frequently co-occurs with ADHD, OCD, or anxiety.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Tourette Syndrome may exhibit motor tics (blinking, head jerking, shoulder shrugging) or vocal tics (clearing throat, grunting, squeaking, repeating words); attempt to suppress tics during class, leading to severe physical fatigue and reduced concentration; experience tic bursts; or encounter peer misunderstandings.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating co-occurring ADHD, executive function, or learning differences); Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT) Consultation; School Psychological Evaluation evaluating social-emotional impact.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Comprehensive staff and peer education regarding tic disorders; Positive Behavior Supports; school-based counseling for anxiety management; collaboration with CBIT therapists.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to step out of the classroom to a designated private break area to release suppressed tics; waiver of disciplinary consequences for involuntary vocal or motor tics; separate quiet room for testing to prevent distraction to self and others; speech-to-text or typing to bypass motor tics that interfere with handwriting; extended time on tests; preferential seating near exit or corner; peer awareness and antibullying initiatives.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Are all classroom teachers and staff educated that tics are involuntary and must never be disciplined or corrected?
2. What designated private space can my child access to release tics when physical suppression becomes exhausting?
3. How will testing be conducted in a separate quiet environment so my child can tic without worrying about disturbing peers?
4. How are co-occurring conditions (such as ADHD, OCD, or anxiety) evaluated and addressed in the support plan?
5. What accommodations (e.g., typing, dictation) are provided if motor tics interfere with handwriting or computer work?
6. How is extended test time utilized to account for time lost to tic suppressive effort?
7. What steps are taken to educate peers about Tourette Syndrome to foster an inclusive, supportive classroom culture?
8. How do staff differentiate between involuntary tics and intentional behavioral disruption?
9. How will environmental stressors that trigger tic spikes (such as high-stakes exams or public speaking) be modified?
10. How will school staff coordinate with private CBIT (Behavioral Intervention for Tics) therapists if applicable?
11. How will progress on academic and self-advocacy goals be monitored?
12. When will the IEP or 504 team meet to review tic management supports?

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

ICD-10 CODE:

Q86.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD impacts brain development, resulting in brain-based executive functioning deficits, memory impairment, slow processing speed, difficulty abstracting, emotional dysregulation, and adaptive skill challenges.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with FASD may struggle to translate rules into action ('knows the rule but cannot apply it'); experience severe working memory deficits ('remembers today, forgets tomorrow'); exhibit impulsivity and difficulty predicting consequences; struggle with mathematical concepts and time management; overreact to environmental sensory stimuli; or misread social cues.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (neuropsychological, educational, speech-language, OT, and behavioral assessments); Adaptive Behavior Evaluation (assessing real-world daily functioning); Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction utilizing concrete, highly visual, and consistent instructional routines; external executive functioning supports ('brain re-framing'); direct social skills instruction; occupational therapy for sensory regulation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Highly structured, predictable daily schedules with visual step-by-step cues; simplified, concrete one-step instructions; direct supervision during unstructured times (recess, hallway transitions); concrete math manipulatives and visual number lines; reduced academic load; quiet, distraction-free work area; immediate, frequent positive reinforcement; continuous adult cueing and re-direction without shaming.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How are teachers applying a 'neurodevelopmental lens' to understand my child's behavior as a brain-based skill deficit rather than willful defiance?
2. What specific visual schedules, step-by-step task cards, and environmental structures are used consistently across all classes?
3. How is severe working memory impairment accommodated during daily instruction and testing?
4. What concrete instructional materials are used to teach abstract concepts like math, time, and money?
5. How are instructions broken down into single, concrete steps supported by visual cues?
6. What proactive supervision and structured peer activities are provided during unstructured times like recess and lunch?
7. Has a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) been conducted to create a brain-informed Positive Behavior Support Plan?
8. How will emotional dysregulation be de-escalated safely using co-regulation techniques?
9. What accommodations prevent sensory overload in noisy, crowded school settings?
10. How will my child's progress toward academic and adaptive goals be tracked and communicated?
11. How will home and school maintain consistent visual routines and communication?
12. When will the team reconvene to evaluate the effectiveness of the FASD supports?

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Concussion

ICD-10 CODE:

S06.9X9A

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Concussion involve damage to brain tissue caused by an external physical force or acceleration-deceleration impact. It leads to temporary or permanent cognitive, physical, emotional, and behavioral changes, including reduced processing speed, memory loss, fatigue, headaches, and light/noise sensitivity.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student recovering from a TBI or Concussion may experience rapid mental fatigue; struggle to concentrate or remember recently taught material; read more slowly; experience headaches, dizziness, or nausea; react strongly to bright lights or noisy classrooms; display sudden irritability or emotional outbursts; or fall behind during academic recovery.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Neuropsychological / Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating cognitive recovery, memory, processing speed, and executive function); Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing cognitive-communication skills); OT/PT Assessments; Concussion Protocol Monitoring.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Graduated Return-to-Learn Protocol overseen by school nurse and academic team; temporary cognitive rest accommodations; specialized educational instruction or Section 504/IEP support for lingering acquired brain injury deficits.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Shortened school days or reduced course load during initial recovery; frequent cognitive rest breaks (15-20 minutes in quiet area); exemption from computer screens, smartboards, and timed standardized testing; reduced homework and classwork volume; sunglasses or brimmed hat for light sensitivity; provided class notes; extended time on all assignments and tests; quiet testing room.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a formal 'Return-to-Learn' concussion recovery protocol being implemented by the school nursing and teaching team?
2. What cognitive rest accommodations (e.g., reduced screen time, shortened days, quiet breaks) are currently in place?
3. How are teachers monitoring my child for cognitive fatigue, headaches, or dizziness during class?
4. How is academic workload reduced so my child is not required to make up every missed assignment while recovering?
5. What specific accommodations exist for light sensitivity (photophobia) and noise sensitivity (phonophobia)?
6. How will cognitive processing speed and memory deficits be supported as brain healing occurs?
7. How are high-stakes tests and quizzes postponed or modified during the recovery period?
8. What protocol exists if symptoms flare up during physical education or recess?
9. If recovery is prolonged (Post-Concussion Syndrome), will a formal 504 Plan or IEP be established?
10. How will speech-language or OT specialists assist with cognitive-communication recovery?
11. How will weekly progress be monitored and communicated between physician, family, and school?
12. When will the team meet to review Return-to-Learn progression?

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F80.82

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (SCD) is characterized by persistent difficulty in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication. It impacts taking turns in conversation, adjusting language to match context, understanding unstated or non-literal meanings (metaphors, humor, sarcasm), and building peer relationships. (Distinct from ASD as restricted/repetitive behaviors are absent).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with SCD may dominate conversations or interrupt frequently; struggle to initiate or sustain casual peer conversations; interpret figurative language, idioms, or teacher sarcasm literally; struggle with cooperative group work; misread peer body language or facial expressions; or experience social isolation during unstructured recess/lunch.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing pragmatic language, conversational turns, narrative competence, and comprehension of non-literal language); Psychological Evaluation (evaluating social reasoning and ruling out repetitive behaviors of ASD); Teacher/Parent Pragmatic Observation Scales.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct speech-language therapy targeting social communication, conversational skills, and pragmatic reasoning; structured social skill groups; classroom-based pragmatic language coaching; peer-mediated social supports.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Explicit visual cues for conversational rules and turn-taking; pre-teaching non-literal language, idioms, and figurative expressions before literature units; structured roles during group projects; supported social opportunities at lunch/recess; clear, direct teacher instructions avoiding sarcasm; visual social scripts.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific pragmatic language challenges (e.g., turn-taking, topic maintenance, reading social cues) were identified by the Speech-Language Pathologist?
2. How many minutes of direct speech-language therapy will be provided for social communication goals?
3. How are social communication strategies reinforced within the general education classroom setting?
4. What structured supports or assigned roles are provided during cooperative group projects?
5. How do teachers ensure instructions are concrete and free of confusing sarcasm or abstract idioms?
6. What peer-mediated social opportunities or structured clubs exist during lunch and recess?
7. How are visual scripts and graphic organizers used to teach conversational rules and topic transitions?
8. What strategies are used to help my child understand peer facial expressions and body language?
9. How will progress in pragmatic language and social interaction be measured and reported?
10. How do staff protect my child from peer rejection or social isolation?
11. How does the team distinguish SCD from Autism Spectrum Disorder in terms of support needs?
12. When will the team review progress on pragmatic communication goals?

Selective Mutism

ICD-10 CODE:

F94.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Selective Mutism is a severe anxiety disorder in which a child who is fully capable of speaking normally at home or in comfortable settings is consistently unable to speak in specific social situations, such as at school. It is an involuntary freeze response to intense social anxiety, not intentional defiance or shyness.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Selective Mutism may remain completely silent during roll call, class discussions, or peer interactions; freeze or display rigid body posture when addressed directly by an adult; communicate non-verbally through nodding, pointing, or writing; experience severe anxiety when pressured to speak; avoid eating lunch or using school restrooms due to fear of being noticed.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Multidisciplinary Psychological / Speech-Language Evaluation (evaluating anxiety, social communication, and observational behavior across settings); Behavioral Assessment (assessing speech anxiety triggers); Parent-Teacher Observational Comparison.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Behavioral intervention plan incorporating stimulus fading, shaping, and systematic desensitization techniques; school counseling support; specialized speech-language consultation focusing on non-anxious communication environments; staff training on Selective Mutism strategies.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Strict avoidance of pressuring or coercing the student to speak; permission to use non-verbal communication methods (gestures, response cards, point boards, tablet apps, or written answers); non-verbal roll call system; option to record oral presentations at home; designated quiet restroom access; seating next to familiar, comfortable peers; warm, low-pressure classroom environment.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Are all teachers and school staff trained that Selective Mutism is an anxiety-based freeze response, not willful defiance?
2. How will staff ensure that my child is NEVER pressured, forced, or bribed to speak in front of others?
3. What non-verbal communication systems (e.g., pointing, picture cards, written notes, digital devices) are established in class?
4. How will class participation and attendance roll call be managed without requiring verbal speech?
5. Is a behavioral consultant or speech-language pathologist using evidence-based techniques (shaping, stimulus fading) to gradually build comfort?
6. How can my child complete oral presentation requirements (e.g., submitting a video recorded at home)?
7. Who is my child's key designated 'comfort person' at school to help lower anxiety levels?
8. What accommodations ensure my child feels safe using the restroom and eating lunch at school?
9. How will academic knowledge be assessed accurately using non-verbal testing options?
10. What strategies foster peer connection without placing speech demands on my child?
11. How will communication comfort and progress be measured over time?
12. When will the team meet to review the Selective Mutism anxiety plan?

Stuttering / Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F80.81

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder, commonly called Stuttering, is a speech disorder characterized by disruptions in the smooth flow of speech. It involves repetitions of sounds or syllables (c-c-cat), sound prolongations (m-man), or silent blocks where speech is momentarily stuck, often accompanied by physical tension.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student who stutters may experience speech blocks or repetitions when reading aloud or answering questions; avoid speaking in class due to fear of stuttering; show visible facial or body tension when trying to push words out; experience heightened stuttering during stressful timed speaking tasks; or encounter peer teasing or interruptions.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Speech-Language Evaluation (evaluating speech fluency rates, types of disfluencies, secondary motor behaviors, speech naturalness, and emotional impact/speech anxiety); Classroom Fluency Observations.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct speech-language therapy focusing on fluency shaping, stuttering modification, and self-advocacy; consultation between Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) and classroom teachers; peer fluency awareness education.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Providing ample, unhurried wait time without finishing the student's sentences or interrupting; option to present orally to small groups, privately to the teacher, or via pre-recorded video; avoiding calling on the student unexpectedly during aloud reading; extended time for oral exams; reduced pressure during timed verbal responses; seating near supportive peers.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific types of disfluencies (repetitions, prolongations, blocks) were identified during the speech evaluation?
2. How many minutes of direct speech therapy will my child receive, and what specific fluency strategies are being taught?
3. How are teachers trained to provide unhurried wait time and avoid interrupting or finishing my child's sentences?
4. How will classroom reading aloud and oral participation be structured so my child never feels put on the spot?
5. What accommodations are available for oral presentations and speaking assignments (e.g., small group, video submission)?
6. How do staff handle peer reactions or teasing to foster a respectful, patient classroom environment?
7. How are timed verbal tests or oral reading fluency evaluations modified to avoid penalizing stuttering?
8. What self-advocacy skills is my child developing in speech therapy to communicate comfortably about stuttering?
9. How will speech-language therapy goals address emotional anxiety and avoidance behaviors related to speaking?
10. How will speech fluency and communication confidence be monitored and reported?
11. What resources or guidance will be provided to support stuttering strategies at home?
12. When will the SLP and IEP team review fluency progress?

Auditory Impairment / Hard of Hearing

ICD-10 CODE:

H91.90

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Auditory Impairment or Hard of Hearing refers to permanent or fluctuating partial hearing loss (mild, moderate, or moderately-severe) in one or both ears. It impacts the clarity and volume of speech sounds received, requiring acoustic accommodations and assistive listening technology to ensure full educational access.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student who is hard of hearing may mishear spoken directions or confuse similar-sounding words; experience significant difficulty hearing in background noise (cafeteria, gymnasium, group work); turn one ear toward the speaker; experience listening fatigue by the afternoon; rely on lip reading; or struggle with phonics and reading decoding.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Audiological Evaluation by an Audiologist (evaluating speech reception thresholds, audiogram decibel loss, and speech-in-noise processing); Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) Specialist Assessment; Speech-Language Evaluation assessing speech perception and vocabulary development.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Services from a certified Teacher of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (TOD/DHH); direct speech-language therapy; educational audiologist consultation; acoustic classroom modifications; assistive technology management.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Personal FM/DM Assistive Listening System (remote microphone worn by teacher); preferential seating near the main speaker and away from acoustic noise sources (HVAC units, hallway doors); visual aids, closed captioning on all videos, and written class outlines; pre-teaching academic vocabulary; check for understanding by asking for restatement; quiet testing room.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What is my child's exact degree of hearing loss across frequencies, and how does it affect speech understanding in class?
2. Will a certified Teacher of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (TOD) or Educational Audiologist provide direct or consultative services?
3. Is a Personal FM/DM Assistive Listening System provided, and who checks device functionality daily?
4. What acoustic modifications (e.g., sound-absorbing materials, felt leg pads) are implemented in the classroom?
5. How are teachers positioned to ensure clear visibility for lip-reading and optimal acoustic access?
6. Are closed captions required for all educational videos and digital instructional media?
7. How will written outlines, visual slides, and guided notes supplement all spoken lectures?
8. What strategies reduce listening fatigue during long school days?
9. How will classroom group discussions be structured so my child knows who is speaking?
10. What accommodations are provided during standardized and classroom assessments?
11. How will progress in listening skills and academic access be monitored?
12. When will the DHH team meet to review hearing technology and accommodations?

Deafness / Severe-to-Profound Hearing Loss

ICD-10 CODE:

H90.3

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Deafness is a severe or profound hearing impairment such that the student is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification. Students may communicate via American Sign Language (ASL), cued speech, listening and spoken language (LSL) with cochlear implants/hearing aids, or total communication.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student who is Deaf may require educational sign language interpreters; rely heavily on visual instruction, captions, and visual alerts; experience severe communication gaps in spoken-only environments; show unique cultural and linguistic identity (Deaf Culture); or experience physical fatigue from visual tracking and interpreting focus.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Audiological Evaluation (evaluating speech perception, decibel thresholds, and implant/hearing aid mapping); Speech-Language Evaluation; Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) Educational Assessment; Communication Plan Assessment (mandated in many states).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Services from a certified Teacher of the Deaf/Hard of Hearing (TOD); Educational Sign Language Interpreter (ASL/Transliteration); Speech-Language Therapy focusing on functional communication; Peer awareness and DHH cultural inclusion programs.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Educational sign language interpreter in all academic and non-academic settings; preferential seating with clear visual line of sight to teacher and interpreter; closed captioning on all digital media; visual fire alarms and emergency alerts; pre-teaching academic vocabulary; real-time CART captioning services; provided class notes.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What is my child's primary mode of communication (e.g., ASL, LSL, Cued Speech), and how is it maintained across all school settings?
2. Will a certified Educational Sign Language Interpreter be provided for all classes, assemblies, and extra-curricular activities?
3. How many minutes of direct service will a certified Teacher of the Deaf (TOD) provide each week?
4. Are visual fire alarms, strobe lights, and visual announcements installed throughout the building?
5. How are classroom seating arrangements optimized to provide an unobstructed line of sight to the teacher, interpreter, and peers?
6. Are closed captions required and verified for all video and digital instructional content?
7. What accommodations ensure equal participation in unstructured settings like lunch, recess, and physical education?
8. How will real-time CART (captioning) or note-taking services be provided for lecture-heavy classes?
9. How will progress in language development and academic concepts be monitored?
10. How will school staff foster peer interaction and connection within the Deaf community?
11. What backup communication plan exists if an interpreter is absent?
12. When will the DHH team meet to review communication access?

Visual Impairment / Low Vision

ICD-10 CODE:

H54.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Visual Impairment / Low Vision refers to significant visual loss that cannot be fully corrected by standard prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses. It affects visual acuity, visual field, or visual clarity, impacting how a student accesses printed text, classroom demonstrations, and physical navigation.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Low Vision may hold reading materials extremely close to eyes; experience severe eye fatigue or headaches; struggle to read standard textbook print or whiteboard writing; trip over unexpected floor obstacles; require specialized lighting; or need extra time to complete visual tasks.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Functional Vision Assessment (FVA) by a certified Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI); Orientation and Mobility (O&M) Evaluation (assessing safe navigation and travel skills); Learning Media Assessment (LMA) to determine best reading medium (large print, Braille, audio); Clinical Low Vision Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct instruction from a certified Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI); Orientation and Mobility (O&M) specialist services; Assistive Technology instruction for screen readers and magnifiers.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Large-print or Braille instructional materials; screen magnification software (e.g., ZoomText) and screen readers (e.g., JAWS); electronic video magnifiers (CCTVs); preferential seating near whiteboards with optimal lighting; high-contrast reading materials; extended time for reading and assignments; tactile graphic maps; slant board.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What were the findings of the Functional Vision Assessment (FVA) and Learning Media Assessment (LMA)?
2. How many hours per week will a certified Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI) provide direct instruction?
3. Will an Orientation and Mobility (O&M) specialist teach safe navigation of the school campus?
4. What primary reading medium (large print, Braille, audio) is recommended for all textbooks and tests?
5. What assistive technology (screen magnifiers, refreshable Braille displays, video magnifiers) will be provided?
6. How are all digital learning platforms checked for accessibility and screen reader compatibility?
7. What lighting adaptations or glare-reduction measures will be implemented in the classroom?
8. How far in advance will teachers provide materials to the TVI for tactile/enlargement formatting?
9. What extended time accommodations are provided for visual reading and exams?
10. How will physical education and science labs be modified for safety and equal access?
11. How will visual stability and fatigue be monitored throughout the school day?
12. When will the TVI and O&M team review visual accommodations?

Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI)

ICD-10 CODE:

H54.7

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is a brain-based visual condition caused by damage to the visual pathways or visual processing centers of the brain, rather than the eyes themselves. Students exhibit unique visual behaviors, such as strong preference for specific colors, difficulty processing complex visual scenes, and delayed visual response.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with CVI may look away from an object before reaching for it (latency); attend better to objects in motion or bright preferred colors (red, yellow); struggle to recognize faces or complex illustrations; become visually overwhelmed in cluttered, brightly decorated classrooms; or show fluctuating visual ability depending on fatigue and noise.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

CVI Range Assessment performed by a trained TVI/CVI Specialist; Functional Vision Assessment (FVA); Learning Media Assessment (LMA); Occupational Therapy Evaluation (evaluating visual-motor integration in low-clutter environments).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Direct instruction from a certified TVI trained in CVI Range characteristics; environmental modification of classroom spaces; collaborative team planning to embed CVI accommodations into all daily activities.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Simplified visual environments with minimal wall decorations and reduced visual clutter; use of high-contrast preferred single colors (e.g., red or yellow highlighting); backlit digital screens (iPads) for visual targets; movement-based visual cues; extended visual processing time; slant board positioning; quiet lighting; task-lighting.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What is my child's current score on the CVI Range Assessment, and what visual phase are they in?
2. How are classroom materials adapted to reduce visual complexity and background clutter?
3. Are high-contrast preferred colors (e.g., solid red, yellow) used consistently to highlight key visual targets?
4. How are teachers giving my child extra latency time to visually locate and process objects?
5. How is classroom lighting modified to eliminate glare and reduce visual overstimulation?
6. Will backlit tablet screens (e.g., iPad) be used to present high-contrast visual materials?
7. How are physical environments simplified during transitions and physical education?
8. How does the TVI consult with general education teachers to adapt daily curriculum?
9. How do fatigue, noise, and health factors influence my child's visual functioning at school?
10. What accommodations exist during testing to prevent visual overload?
11. How will progress across CVI Range characteristics be documented and reported?
12. When will the vision team meet to re-evaluate CVI supports?

Spina Bifida (Myelomeningocele)

ICD-10 CODE:

Q05.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Spina Bifida is a neural tube birth defect in which the spine and spinal cord do not form properly. It causes varying degrees of lower limb paralysis, sensory loss, neurogenic bladder and bowel impairment, and frequently co-occurs with hydrocephalus requiring a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Spina Bifida may use a wheelchair, crutches, or leg braces; require scheduled catheterization in the nurse's office; experience fine motor or spatial reasoning differences associated with hydrocephalus; experience physical fatigue; or require assistance with transfers and restroom routines.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Physical Therapy (PT) Evaluation (assessing mobility, transfers, and physical accessibility); Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (assessing fine motor skills and upper body strength); School Nurse Health Assessment; Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating executive function and visual-spatial reasoning).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing services for catheterization and bowel management; Physical and Occupational Therapy; Adaptive Physical Education (APE); paraprofessional support for mobility/transfers if required.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Full wheelchair accessibility (ramps, wide doorways, accessible desk, elevator pass); scheduled private nurse visits for intermittent catheterization; extra time for classroom transitions; accessible restroom facilities; adaptive PE modifications; provided class notes or typing options for fine motor fatigue; VP shunt monitoring protocol; non-punitive attendance policies for medical visits.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a private, hygienic nurse protocol established for scheduled intermittent catheterization and bowel management?
2. How are classrooms, lunchrooms, science labs, and playgrounds verified for full wheelchair accessibility?
3. What is the emergency evacuation plan for my child if elevators are disabled during a fire drill?
4. How many minutes of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy will be provided weekly?
5. How will Physical Education be adapted to promote active, inclusive participation?
6. What protocol is in place to monitor for signs of VP shunt malfunction or tethered cord syndrome?
7. How are fine motor fatigue and visual-spatial challenges accommodated in daily written work?
8. What accommodations allow extra time for passing periods without missing class time?
9. How will medical absences for orthopedic surgeries or doctor visits be handled without academic penalty?
10. How will school staff ensure peer inclusion and prevent physical isolation during school events?
11. How will progress in mobility, fine motor skills, and academics be tracked?
12. When will the health and therapy team meet to review supports?

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

ICD-10 CODE:

G71.01

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive genetic disorder characterized by muscular degeneration and weakness due to the absence of dystrophin protein. It primarily affects boys, causing progressive loss of mobility, motor function, respiratory strength, and physical endurance.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with DMD may experience difficulty climbing stairs or getting up from the floor; transition from walking with a frequent waddling gait to using a power wheelchair; experience severe physical fatigue; encounter graphomotor fatigue when writing; or require support with physical self-care.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Physical Therapy (PT) Evaluation (assessing positioning, contracture prevention, and mobility access); Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (assessing energy conservation, writing adaptations, and assistive technology); School Nurse Health Assessment; Assistive Technology Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy focusing on energy conservation and range of motion; Adaptive Physical Education (APE); Assistive Technology services; paraprofessional physical support.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Power wheelchair accessibility and adaptive desk; elevator access and extra time for passing periods; speech-to-text software, dictation, or typing to bypass writing fatigue; physical energy conservation accommodations (shortened walking distances, rest breaks); adaptive PE; assistance with lunch, books, and winter clothing; rest breaks in nurse's office; medical absence flexibility.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How are classrooms, restrooms, and school grounds adapted for full power wheelchair access?
2. What energy conservation strategies are implemented to prevent physical fatigue during the school day?
3. How will speech-to-text software and digital tools replace handwriting as hand strength changes?
4. What physical therapy accommodations (e.g., stretching, contracture prevention, positioning) are provided?
5. How is Physical Education modified to provide fun, safe inclusion without physical strain?
6. What assistance is provided for carrying books, opening doors, handling lunch trays, and managing clothing?
7. What is the emergency evacuation protocol for power wheelchair users during school emergencies?
8. How will respiratory health monitoring and rest breaks be coordinated with the school nurse?
9. What accommodations exist for absences due to medical appointments or clinical trials?
10. How will teachers ensure peer inclusion and positive social support as physical needs change?
11. How will academic and assistive technology goals be reviewed and updated?
12. When will the multidisciplinary team meet to evaluate current DMD supports?

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

ICD-10 CODE:

G12.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic neuromuscular disease caused by a loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Cognition and intelligence are typically unaffected or above average, while physical mobility, respiratory function, and fine motor endurance require extensive support.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with SMA may use a power wheelchair; possess high cognitive capability alongside severe physical weakness; write with very light pencil pressure or experience rapid finger fatigue; require adaptive technology for computer access; need assistance with feeding and restroom self-care; or miss school for medical treatments.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Assistive Technology (AT) Evaluation (assessing micro-switches, eye-gaze systems, and light-touch keyboards); Physical Therapy (PT) and Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluations (assessing positioning and access); School Nurse Health Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

High-level Assistive Technology integration; Physical and Occupational Therapy; School Nursing support for respiratory/suctioning needs if required; paraprofessional support for physical access.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Full wheelchair accessibility and custom adaptive desk; eye-gaze systems, speech-to-text, or light-touch switches for academic work; provided digital textbooks and notes; physical energy conservation plan; rest breaks; adaptive PE; private nursing care for health needs; non-punitive attendance policies for medical treatments (e.g., Nusinersen/Spinraza infusions).

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What high-level assistive technologies (micro-switches, eye-gaze, light-touch keyboards, speech-to-text) will be provided for academic work?
2. How are all classrooms, labs, cafeterias, and auditoriums made fully power-wheelchair accessible?
3. What nursing services are provided for respiratory care, suctioning, or feeding support if needed?
4. How are Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy goals focused on positioning, comfort, and energy preservation?
5. How do teachers ensure that my child's high intellectual capabilities are fully challenged without motor barriers?
6. What accommodations allow my child to participate fully in physical education and field trips?
7. How are digital textbooks and class notes provided to eliminate physical handling of paper?
8. What emergency evacuation protocol is established for power-wheelchair users?
9. How will medical absences for Spinraza/Evrysdi treatments or clinical appointments be managed without penalty?
10. How will school staff encourage equal peer interactions and social inclusion?
11. How will progress in assistive technology and academic goals be monitored?
12. When will the SMA multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

ICD-10 CODE:

M08.90

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by joint inflammation, pain, stiffness, swelling, and fatigue in children. Symptoms fluctuate over time, with periods of flare-ups and remission, impacting fine motor writing, mobility, and morning movement.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with JIA may experience severe joint stiffness in the morning, making walking or writing difficult early in the day; experience hand pain and writing fatigue; struggle with stairs or long hallway walks during flare-ups; feel fatigued; or miss school for pediatric rheumatology appointments.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (assessing hand strength, joint protection, and writing ergonomics); Physical Therapy (PT) Evaluation (evaluating joint mobility, gait, and stamina); School Nurse Health Assessment; Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Occupational and Physical Therapy for joint protection and mobility; School Nursing care for medication administration; Section 504 Plan implementation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Duplicate set of textbooks (one for home, one for classroom) to eliminate heavy backpack carrying; permission to stand, stretch, or move around during long periods of sitting; extended time on written assignments and tests; speech-to-text or typing accommodations for writing; late arrival pass without penalty for morning stiffness; modified PE during joint flares; permission to use elevator.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What is the protocol for modifying classroom activities when my child experiences a sudden arthritis flare-up?
2. How will a duplicate set of textbooks be provided for home and school to avoid carrying heavy backpacks?
3. Are teachers allowing my child to stand up, stretch, or walk around when joint stiffness occurs during long classes?
4. What accommodations exist for morning joint stiffness (e.g., late arrival without penalty, lighter morning workload)?
5. How are handwriting fatigue and hand joint pain accommodated during essay writing and tests?
6. What adaptive writing grips, slant boards, or typing tools are provided by Occupational Therapy?
7. How will Physical Education be modified during joint flares while encouraging safe participation during remission?
8. How will medication prescribed for pain or inflammation be administered at school?
9. What elevator pass and transition accommodations exist to shorten walking distances between classes?
10. How will medical absences for rheumatology visits be managed without academic penalty?
11. How will school staff monitor fatigue and pain levels throughout the day?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review arthritis supports?

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

ICD-10 CODE:

D57.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped. This leads to vascular blockages, severe pain crises, chronic anemia, fatigue, heightened infection risk, and potential stroke risk.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Sickle Cell Disease may experience sudden, excruciating pain crises requiring immediate medical attention; experience severe physical fatigue from chronic anemia; require frequent hydration and restroom visits; react vulnerable to extreme hot or cold temperatures; or miss multiple school days due to hospitalizations.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing physician Sickle Cell Medical Management Plan; Educational Evaluation to analyze academic gaps caused by medical absences; Section 504 or IEP Evaluation; Neuropsychological Evaluation if silent stroke occurs.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management; Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP) and Emergency Action Plan for pain crises; Section 504 Plan; academic recovery coordinator for hospital stay makeup work.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Unrestricted access to drinking water (carrying water bottle) and frequent restroom passes; immediate access to pain medication per physician order; temperature-controlled classroom environment (avoiding cold drafts or extreme heat); modified physical education allowing self-pacing and rest; non-punitive attendance policies for hospitalizations; remote learning or homebound tutoring during extended pain crises; duplicate textbooks.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a detailed Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP) and Emergency Action Plan established for managing sickle cell pain crises?
2. Are classroom teachers and staff trained to recognize early signs of a pain crisis or acute chest syndrome?
3. Is my child granted unrestricted access to carry a water bottle and use the restroom at any time?
4. How will temperature exposure (cold outdoor recess, air conditioning drafts) be managed to prevent triggering a pain crisis?
5. What is the exact emergency procedure if my child develops a severe pain crisis or fever at school?
6. How will Physical Education be modified so my child can self-pace and rest without penalty?
7. How will missing schoolwork and tests be handled during hospitalizations or home recovery?
8. Is homebound instruction or digital learning available during extended medical absences?
9. How are cognitive impacts or silent stroke risk evaluated and supported academically?
10. What accommodations manage chronic fatigue during long school days?
11. How will home and school communicate during medical admissions?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review health supports?

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

ICD-10 CODE:

E84.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a progressive genetic disorder affecting the exocrine glands, causing the body to produce thick, sticky mucus. It primarily affects the lungs and digestive system, leading to chronic respiratory infections, persistent coughing, digestive malabsorption, and nutrient needs.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Cystic Fibrosis may experience frequent, heavy coughing fits; require enzyme supplements with all meals and snacks; need frequent restroom breaks; require extra nutritional snacks; experience physical fatigue; or miss school for chest physiotherapy, routine hospital clean-ups, or clinic visits.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing CF Care Plan; Section 504 Evaluation for health accommodations and infection control; Educational Evaluation to monitor academic progress during absences.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management; Section 504 Plan; infection control protocol (strict separation from other students with CF per medical guidelines); academic makeup plan for clinic visits.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Self-administration or nurse-assisted administration of pancreatic enzymes before all food consumption; unrestricted restroom passes and water bottle access; permission to consume high-calorie snacks and salt supplements in class; infection control accommodations (seating away from sick peers, hand sanitizer); coughing allowed without public reprimand; non-punitive attendance policies; distance learning support during medical stays.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is an Individualized Healthcare Plan (IHP) and 504 Plan established to manage enzymes, nutrition, and respiratory care?
2. Are staff trained to allow my child to take pancreatic enzymes immediately before eating all meals and snacks?
3. Is my child granted unrestricted bathroom access and permission to keep a water bottle and high-calorie snacks at their desk?
4. What strict infection control measures (e.g., distance from other students with CF, seating away from coughing peers) are enforced?
5. How are frequent coughing fits handled with understanding and without causing embarrassment or disciplinary reprimands?
6. What plan is in place to manage missed classwork during routine clinic visits or hospital admissions?
7. How will physical education be adapted to encourage beneficial lung clearance without excessive exhaustion?
8. Will digital learning or homebound instruction be activated during extended pulmonary clean-ups?
9. How are hand hygiene and classroom surface sanitation maintained in my child's rooms?
10. How will school staff handle enzyme storage and emergency health needs?
11. How will communication between family, CF clinic, and school nurse be maintained?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review CF accommodations?

Chronic Kidney Disease / Renal Conditions

ICD-10 CODE:

N18.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) involves long-term gradual loss of kidney function, affecting fluid balance, waste filtration, blood pressure, and red blood cell production. Students may undergo peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis, manage strict dietary restrictions, or be recovering from a kidney transplant.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Chronic Kidney Disease may experience severe fatigue and anemia; require frequent restroom visits; have strict fluid restriction or fluid intake guidelines; experience brain fog or concentration difficulties; show susceptibility to infections (if immunosuppressed post-transplant); or miss school for dialysis.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing nephrology care plan; Educational Evaluation assessing cognitive impact of fatigue and medical absences; Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; Section 504 Plan implementation; infection protection protocols for transplant recipients; academic coordination for dialysis schedules.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Unrestricted restroom passes; customized fluid access matching medical orders; quiet rest area in nurse's office during severe fatigue; strict infection control precautions (hand hygiene, mask permission, notification of contagious illness in class); reduced academic workload during dialysis recovery; non-punitive attendance policies; duplicate textbooks for home study.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan and Healthcare Plan established to accommodate dialysis schedules, fluid management, and fatigue?
2. How are staff trained on my child's specific fluid intake or fluid restriction orders?
3. Is my child granted unrestricted restroom access at all times without delay?
4. What infection control measures (e.g., immediate notification of chickenpox/flu outbreaks, mask accommodations) protect my child post-transplant?
5. How will academic instruction and testing be scheduled around dialysis days to avoid fatigue impact?
6. What accommodations manage chronic anemia and physical fatigue during the school afternoon?
7. How will missed school days for clinic visits, dialysis, or hospital stays be managed without academic penalty?
8. Can a duplicate set of textbooks be provided for home use during medical recovery days?
9. What accommodations exist in physical education to protect dialysis catheters or kidney transplant sites?
10. How will staff ensure my child's dietary restrictions are respected during classroom celebrations?
11. How will academic progress be tracked during extended home recovery periods?
12. When will the 504/health team meet to review renal supports?

Congenital Heart Defects (CHD)

ICD-10 CODE:

Q24.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) are structural heart problems present at birth that affect blood flow through the heart. Conditions vary from simple valves issues to complex single-ventricle anatomy. Students may experience reduced stamina, low oxygen saturation (cyanosis), cardiac fatigue, and increased risk for cognitive processing differences.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with a Congenital Heart Defect may tire easily during physical activity or walking long distances; show bluish tint on lips/nails (cyanosis) during exertion; require extra processing time due to cardiac-related neurodevelopmental impacts; miss school for pediatric cardiology visits or surgeries; or require AED emergency planning.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating executive function, visual-spatial skills, and processing speed); Physical Therapy Evaluation (assessing endurance); School Nurse Health Assessment; Cardiac Emergency Action Plan.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; Cardiac Emergency Action Plan including AED access; Section 504 Plan or IEP; Physical Education adaptations.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Self-paced physical activity with permission to stop and rest immediately; elevator pass and extra time for passing periods; duplicate textbooks to avoid carrying heavy loads; rest breaks in nurse's office; climate-controlled seating away from extreme heat/cold; extended time on assignments and tests; non-punitive attendance policies; AED proximity.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a Cardiac Emergency Action Plan established, and are staff trained on CPR and location of the nearest AED?
2. How is Physical Education modified to allow my child to self-pace and rest whenever needed without penalty?
3. What accommodations prevent physical exertion during long hallway walks (e.g., elevator pass, peer buddy for books)?
4. How are cardiac fatigue and low stamina managed during long academic testing sessions?
5. Have psychoeducational evaluations assessed potential executive functioning or processing speed differences associated with CHD?
6. What accommodations exist for extreme hot or cold outdoor temperatures during recess or fire drills?
7. How will a duplicate set of textbooks be provided to avoid carrying heavy backpacks?
8. How will missed schoolwork and exams be managed during cardiology visits or cardiac surgeries?
9. What rest breaks in the nurse's office are available when my child experiences low energy?
10. How will substitute teachers be informed of cardiac emergency protocols?
11. How will academic and physical progress be monitored by the school nurse and team?
12. When will the 504/IEP team meet to review heart defect supports?

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's & Ulcerative Colitis)

ICD-10 CODE:

K50.90

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, is a chronic autoimmune condition causing painful inflammation of the digestive tract. It leads to severe abdominal pain, urgent/frequent bloody diarrhea, weight loss, joint pain, and profound fatigue, with unpredictable flare-ups.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with IBD may experience sudden, urgent needs to use the restroom multiple times per hour; feel extreme anxiety about not reaching a bathroom in time; experience severe abdominal cramping during class; suffer from severe fatigue and anemia; miss school days for infusions, colonoscopies, or flare-ups; or feel embarrassed.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing gastroenterology management plan; Section 504 Evaluation for emergency health accommodations; Educational Evaluation to analyze impact of medical absences.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing support; Section 504 Plan with explicit bathroom access protocols; homebound instruction coordination during severe flare-ups.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Unrestricted, immediate bathroom pass (stop-and-go pass) without asking permission or explanation; private restroom key (nurse or staff bathroom); seating near classroom exit for quick access; permission to carry water bottle and electrolyte drinks; flexible assignment deadlines and non-punitive attendance during flares; quiet rest area during cramping; option to take tests in a room near a bathroom.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is an immediate, unrestricted 'stop-and-go' bathroom pass established so my child can leave for the restroom without asking permission?
2. Does my child have access to a private staff or nurse's bathroom to ensure privacy and dignity?
3. Are seating arrangements positioned near the classroom exit for quick, discrete bathroom access?
4. How will teachers handle IBD symptoms with total discretion to prevent peer embarrassment?
5. What accommodations exist for taking exams in a quiet room located close to a restroom?
6. How will missed classwork, quizzes, and tests be managed during disease flare-ups or hospitalizations?
7. Is homebound instruction or remote learning available during severe IBD flares?
8. How are physical fatigue and abdominal pain accommodated during long school days?
9. What non-punitive attendance policies exist for morning tardiness or medical appointments?
10. How will medication (e.g., biologics, steroids) and dietary needs be managed at school?
11. How will communication between home and school be maintained during health changes?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review IBD accommodations?

Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes & Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

M35.7

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDS) and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) are inherited connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, tissue fragility, joint subluxations/dislocations, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and severe fatigue. Fine motor writing and prolonged sitting or standing cause significant pain.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with EDS/HSD may experience joint pain or subluxations (finger, wrist, shoulder, knee); struggle with severe handwriting pain and finger hyperextension; experience chronic fatigue and brain fog; struggle to sit in hard school chairs for long periods; experience dizziness upon standing (co-occurring POTS); or trip frequently.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (assessing hand joint stability, writing ergonomics, and adaptive pens); Physical Therapy (PT) Evaluation (assessing joint stability, posture, and core strength); Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Occupational Therapy for joint protection and adaptive writing tools; Physical Therapy for safe physical alignment; Section 504 Plan implementation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Speech-to-text, dictation, or typing accommodations to bypass hand joint strain; ring splints, adaptive pen grips, or ergonomic writing utensils; padded seating or permission to change positions frequently; elevator pass and extra time for passing periods; duplicate textbooks; modified PE emphasizing non-impact joint safety; rest breaks in nurse's office.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What Occupational Therapy accommodations (e.g., ring splints, speech-to-text, ergonomic grips) will protect hand joints from pain and dislocation?
2. Is a duplicate set of textbooks provided for home and school to eliminate heavy backpack weight?
3. Are teachers allowing my child to change positions, stretch, or use padded seating to relieve joint pain?
4. How will physical writing and long essay exams be modified to prevent wrist and finger subluxations?
5. What elevator pass and transition accommodations exist to prevent lower limb joint strain during passing periods?
6. How will Physical Education be adapted to focus on safe joint-stabilizing activities while avoiding high-impact contact sports?
7. What is the emergency protocol if a joint subluxation or dislocation occurs at school?
8. How will chronic fatigue and pain-related brain fog be accommodated during instruction and testing?
9. What rest breaks in the nurse's office are available when pain peaks?
10. How will medical absences for physical therapy or specialist visits be handled without penalty?
11. How will progress in joint protection and academic stamina be tracked?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review EDS/HSD accommodations?

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)

ICD-10 CODE:

I95.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a form of dysautonomia characterized by an abnormal heart rate increase upon standing, lightheadedness, brain fog, severe fatigue, fainting (syncope), headaches, and blood pooling. Symptoms are exacerbated by prolonged standing, heat, dehydration, and morning hours.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with POTS may feel dizzy, faint, or lightheaded when standing in line or during morning lectures; experience severe brain fog and slow cognitive processing; experience morning fatigue and tardiness; require high fluid and sodium intake; or need to sit down immediately during PE or assemblies.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing autonomic specialist care plan; Comprehensive Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating cognitive processing speed and memory during symptom flares); Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management; Section 504 Plan; physical energy conservation and hydration support; morning schedule flexibility.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to carry a large water bottle and salt/electrolyte snacks at all times; unrestricted restroom passes; permission to sit down immediately or elevate legs during class/assemblies; elevator pass; late arrival / tardy accommodations for morning orthostatic intolerance; air-conditioned environment; extended test time for brain fog; modified PE; rest breaks.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established to accommodate orthostatic dizziness, fainting risk, and dysautonomia symptoms?
2. Is my child permitted to carry a water bottle with electrolytes and high-sodium snacks everywhere on campus?
3. Are teachers trained to allow my child to sit down immediately or elevate their legs if lightheadedness occurs?
4. What protocol exists if my child experiences pre-syncope (feeling faint) or syncope (fainting) at school?
5. How are morning tardiness and attendance handled without penalty when morning orthostatic symptoms are severe?
6. What elevator pass and transition accommodations eliminate prolonged standing or stairs between classes?
7. How is severe 'brain fog' accommodated during high-stakes tests and essay assignments?
8. What rest breaks in a cool nurse's office are provided during energy crashes?
9. How will Physical Education be modified for recumbent (seated/supine) exercise rather than prolonged standing?
10. How are classroom temperatures regulated to prevent heat-induced symptom flares?
11. How will home and school monitor daily hydration and stamina levels?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review POTS accommodations?

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)

ICD-10 CODE:

R53.82

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex, debilitating neuroimmune disease characterized by severe, persistent fatigue not relieved by rest, cognitive impairment ('brain fog'), unrefreshing sleep, and hallmark Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM)—a severe worsening of symptoms following minimal physical or mental effort.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with ME/CFS may experience severe relapses following minor physical or cognitive exertion (PEM); struggle with memory, concentration, and word-finding; experience extreme exhaustion making full-day attendance impossible; require frequent lying-down rest breaks; or miss extensive school days.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Educational / Psychological Evaluation assessing cognitive processing under fatigue; School Nurse Assessment reviewing ME/CFS specialist plan; Section 504 or IEP Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Section 504 Plan or IEP; strict pacing and energy conservation management; homebound instruction or hybrid reduced-schedule school day.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Shortened school day or part-time schedule; strict Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM) pacing—exemption from physical exertion; quiet rest area where student can lie down horizontally; reduced assignment load (quality over quantity); extended time on tests; audiobooks and digital notes; non-punitive attendance policies; remote learning options.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How are all staff educated on Post-Exertional Malaise (PEM) and the critical need to avoid over-exertion?
2. Is a shortened school day or hybrid home-school schedule established to match my child's energy envelope?
3. What quiet rest space (with ability to lie down horizontally) is available when mental or physical fatigue peaks?
4. How is academic workload reduced (focusing on core concepts rather than repetitive homework) to prevent cognitive crashes?
5. Is my child fully exempt from physical education or strenuous physical walking between classes?
6. How is cognitive 'brain fog' accommodated during testing (e.g., untimed testing, broken into multi-day segments)?
7. Are recorded lectures, digital class notes, and audiobooks provided to minimize energy drain?
8. What non-punitive attendance accommodations exist for disease crashes and medical appointments?
9. How will homebound instruction be seamlessly activated during severe illness flares?
10. How will school staff avoid penalizing energy fluctuations or fluctuating cognitive capability?
11. How will communication between family, physician, and school be maintained?
12. When will the 504/IEP team meet to evaluate energy pacing supports?

PANDAS / PANS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders)

ICD-10 CODE:

G04.81

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

PANDAS/PANS is a medical condition characterized by a sudden, dramatic 'overnight' onset of severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (OCD compulsions, severe anxiety, tics, emotional lability, deterioration in handwriting, and urinary frequency) triggered by a misdirected autoimmune response following an infection (such as Strep).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with PANDAS/PANS may display a sudden, drastic decline in math skills or handwriting legibility; develop sudden severe separation anxiety or panic; exhibit sudden compulsive behaviors or tics; experience frequent urinary urgency requiring frequent bathroom breaks; display extreme irritability; or experience cognitive brain fog during flare-ups.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological / Neuropsychological Evaluation (evaluating acute cognitive/math drop, handwriting deterioration, and executive function); School Nurse Assessment reviewing medical immunomodulation plan; Section 504 / IEP Evaluation; Occupational Therapy Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Section 504 Plan or IEP with flexible health accommodations; School Nursing oversight for flare monitoring; homebound instruction coordination during acute autoimmune flares; crisis emotional support.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Unrestricted bathroom pass for urinary urgency; permission to type or dictate assignments during handwriting regression; reduced academic workload and extended time on tests during acute flares; quiet break area for anxiety outbursts; non-punitive attendance policies for medical treatments (IVIG, antibiotics); flexible re-entry plan.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan or IEP in place that recognizes the sudden, relapsing-remitting nature of PANDAS/PANS flare-ups?
2. How are teachers informed that sudden behavioral changes or skill drops are medical autoimmune symptoms, not willful misconduct?
3. Is my child granted an unrestricted bathroom pass for sudden urinary urgency without explanation?
4. What accommodations exist for sudden handwriting deterioration (e.g., typing, speech-to-text, provided notes)?
5. How is academic workload reduced during acute encephalopathy flares to prevent cognitive overload?
6. What quiet, safe decompression space is available when severe anxiety or emotional lability occurs?
7. How are high-stakes tests postponed or modified during active medical flare-ups?
8. What infection notification protocol exists so our family is alerted to Strep or viral outbreaks in the classroom?
9. How will medical absences for IVIG, plasmapheresis, or doctor visits be managed without penalty?
10. Is homebound instruction or remote learning available during prolonged autoimmune flares?
11. How will home and school maintain daily health communication?
12. When will the team meet to review PANDAS/PANS accommodations?

Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F31.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Pediatric Bipolar Disorder is a severe mood disorder characterized by significant, episodic shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels, oscillating between manic/hypomanic episodes (extreme grandiosity, racing thoughts, reduced sleep, impulsivity) and major depressive episodes (profound sadness, low energy, withdrawal).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Bipolar Disorder may exhibit grandiosity, rapid pressured speech, and extreme impulsivity during manic phases; show severe fatigue, cognitive slowing, drop in grades, and crying spells during depressive phases; experience intense mood swings; struggle with executive functioning; or miss school due to psychiatric hospitalizations.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological / Psychiatric Evaluation (evaluating mood lability, executive functioning, and safety risk); School Counseling Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) during mood stability; Educational Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling with a school psychologist or social worker; Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) focusing on mood de-escalation; crisis safety plan; academic workload adaptation plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Designated safe break pass to visit counselor during mood dysregulation; flexible deadlines and reduced workload during depressive phases; quiet testing environment; seating near supportive peers; permission to step out of class if feeling manic or irritable; late arrival accommodations for medication-induced morning sedation; non-punitive attendance policies.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What safety protocol and de-escalation plan are in place for periods of severe mood dysregulation?
2. Who is my child's primary designated support person in the counseling department when mood shifts occur?
3. How do teachers adjust academic expectations during manic or depressive episodes?
4. How are medication side effects (such as morning sedation, thirst, or tremors) accommodated in class?
5. What accommodations exist for morning tardiness caused by morning sedation from psychiatric medications?
6. Has a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) been conducted to identify environmental triggers for mood spikes?
7. How are high-stakes exams modified or rescheduled during depressive or manic phases?
8. What quiet, non-punitive break space can my child access when feeling overwhelmed or irritable?
9. What re-entry support is provided following psychiatric hospitalizations or medical absences?
10. How will school counseling staff coordinate with private psychiatrists and therapists?
11. How will emotional stability and academic progress be tracked?
12. When will the IEP/504 team meet to review supports?

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F34.81

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is a pediatric condition characterized by severe, recurrent temper outbursts (verbal rages or physical aggression) that are grossly out of proportion to the situation, occurring 3+ times per week, alongside a persistently irritable or angry mood between outbursts.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with DMDD may experience explosive, prolonged temper outbursts in response to minor academic frustration or transitions; destroy property or scream during rages; exhibit persistent underlying irritability; struggle to maintain peer relationships; or experience frequent disciplinary referrals.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) (to identify frustration antecedents, environmental triggers, and warning signs of outbursts); Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (evaluating emotional regulation, executive function, and ruling out bipolar/ODD); School Social Work Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) focusing on proactive co-regulation and antecedent modification; school-based counseling for emotional regulation; collaborative & proactive problem solving (CPS); crisis de-escalation protocol.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Proactive break pass to step out to a quiet cool-down area before anger escalates; non-punitive de-escalation protocols (avoiding power struggles or yelling); reduced assignment length when frustrated; alternative testing environment; choice in learning tasks; positive reinforcement for emotional self-regulation; restorative behavior practices.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Has a thorough Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) identified environmental triggers and early warning signs of temper outbursts?
2. Is a brain-informed Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) in place, and are all staff trained in non-violent de-escalation?
3. How are teachers using co-regulation, low vocal tone, and reduced demands when my child becomes irritable?
4. What designated cool-down space can my child access independently before an outburst escalates?
5. How are disciplinary responses structured to be instructional and restorative rather than exclusionary (suspension)?
6. How is academic frustration reduced through chunked assignments and task choices?
7. What strategies are used to rebuild peer relationships following an explosive episode?
8. How will school counseling staff teach proactive emotional regulation and self-advocacy skills?
9. How do staff distinguish between emotional dysregulation and intentional defiance?
10. How will daily behavior and mood data be recorded and shared with parents?
11. What training have staff received in trauma-informed and de-escalation techniques?
12. When will the team meet to evaluate the BIP's effectiveness?

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

ICD-10 CODE:

F94.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition resulting from severe early childhood neglect, maltreatment, or institutional care, causing severe difficulty forming healthy emotional attachments with caregivers. It manifests as severe emotional dysregulation, hypervigilance, control-seeking behaviors, and profound distrust of authority.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with RAD may exhibit intense control-seeking or manipulative behaviors; display superficial charm with strangers while showing intense hostility or opposition toward primary caregivers/teachers; struggle with trust; react aggressively to perceived rejection; exhibit hoarding of food or items; or struggle with emotional intimacy.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation by a Trauma/Attachment Specialist; School Social Work Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) focusing on attachment triggers and safety needs; Trauma-Informed Screening.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Trauma- and attachment-informed educational environment; specialized counseling support; Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) emphasizing physical and emotional safety, consistency, and non-punitive relationship building.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Predictable, highly structured daily routines with advance notice of changes; non-confrontational communication (avoiding power struggles and public shaming); seating near supportive, consistent staff; private break area; clear, firm, but warm boundaries; provision of secure personal storage for belongings/snacks; trauma-informed discipline plan.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Are all teachers and staff trained in attachment-informed and trauma-informed educational practices?
2. How are staff maintaining warm, predictable, and non-confrontational boundaries without engaging in power struggles?
3. How does the school support primary attachment relationships without allowing triangulating behavior between home and school?
4. What designated safe space and trusted adult are assigned to support my child when feeling threatened or dysregulated?
5. How are transitions, substitute teachers, and schedule changes communicated in advance to preserve a sense of safety?
6. What accommodations manage food hoarding or anxiety surrounding food/belongings (e.g., dedicated desk bin, snack access)?
7. How are disciplinary consequences structured to avoid triggering core trauma feelings of rejection and abandonment?
8. Has a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) evaluated control-seeking behaviors as fear-based survival responses?
9. How will progress in emotional regulation and healthy boundary formation be measured?
10. How will school counseling staff collaborate with our private attachment therapist?
11. How will daily communication between home and school be maintained?
12. When will the team review the attachment support plan?

Conduct Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F91.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Conduct Disorder is a serious behavioral and emotional disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated (aggression toward people/animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, or serious rule violations).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Conduct Disorder may engage in physical bullying, fighting, or threats; damage school property; skip school (truancy); refuse to comply with school rules; display a lack of remorse or empathy; or encounter frequent law enforcement or administrative disciplinary involvement.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Multidisciplinary Psychological / Psychiatric Evaluation; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) to identify environmental antecedents, gang/peer influences, and communicative functions; Educational Evaluation (ruling out unaddressed learning disabilities/ADHD); Social Work Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Multi-agency wraparound support; intensive Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP); Cognitive Behavioral Interventions (CBT); alternative educational setting or structured therapeutic day school if safety requires; restorative justice programs.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Structured, closely supervised learning environment; clear, explicit behavior contract with consistent natural consequences; designated cool-down break pass; access to vocational or hands-on learning pathways; check-in/check-out mentor system; modification of academic workload to prevent frustration-driven behavior; restorative community service options.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Has a comprehensive Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) evaluated the root causes and environmental triggers of conduct behaviors?
2. Is a Positive Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) in place with clear, consistent, and predictable consequences?
3. Have underlying unaddressed learning disabilities, ADHD, or trauma been thoroughly evaluated and supported?
4. How are staff trained to maintain safety and de-escalate aggressive situations without physical confrontation?
5. What structured check-in/check-out (CICO) mentoring system is established with a trusted adult?
6. How is the academic curriculum adapted to incorporate hands-on, vocational, or high-interest learning options?
7. How does the school utilize restorative justice and instructional discipline rather than relying solely on exclusionary suspension?
8. What multi-agency or community wraparound services are coordinated with the school team?
9. How are peer influences and unstructured times (recess, hallway, lunch) supervised to prevent conflict?
10. How will behavior data and goal progress be monitored and reported to parents daily?
11. Under what circumstances will an alternative educational setting be considered?
12. When will the team meet to review the behavior intervention plan?

Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia

ICD-10 CODE:

G47.419

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia are chronic neurological sleep disorders characterized by uncontrollable excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), irresistible sleep attacks, sleep paralysis, and in Narcolepsy Type 1, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Narcolepsy may fall asleep involuntarily during lectures, reading, or tests; experience sudden muscle weakness or head drops when laughing (cataplexy); exhibit severe brain fog and automatic behavior; struggle with morning tardiness; or be misjudged as lazy or unmotivated.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing sleep specialist documentation (MSLT/polysomnography); Educational Evaluation assessing cognitive impact of sleep fragmentation; Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; Section 504 Plan implementation; designated scheduled nap protocol; academic pacing and scheduling adaptations.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Scheduled 15-20 minute short nap breaks in a quiet nurse's office; permission to stand or move around during class when drowsy; extended time on tests and quizzes; scheduled testing during peak alertness times; audio recording of lectures or provided class notes; late arrival / tardy accommodations without penalty; standing desk; non-punitive attendance policies.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established that recognizes Narcolepsy/Hypersomnia as a neurological medical condition, not laziness?
2. Is my child permitted to take scheduled 15-20 minute nap breaks in the nurse's office to restore alertness?
3. How are classroom teachers trained to allow my child to stand up, stretch, or move when feeling sleep attacks?
4. What protocol exists for managing cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness triggered by emotion) safely in class?
5. How are high-stakes tests scheduled during my child's peak alertness hours (e.g., late morning vs. early afternoon)?
6. What accommodations exist for morning tardiness caused by severe sleep inertia and waking difficulty?
7. How will audio recordings, digital lecture notes, and scribes replace missed instruction during sleep attacks?
8. What extended time accommodations are provided during exams to account for cognitive sleepiness?
9. How will medical absences for sleep specialist visits or medication adjustments be handled without penalty?
10. How are stimulant or sodium oxybate medications safely stored and administered by the school nurse?
11. How will home and school monitor alertness cycles and academic stamina?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review sleep disorder supports?

Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

ICD-10 CODE:

G47.33

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep-disordered breathing condition characterized by repeated partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep. It causes sleep fragmentation, nocturnal hypoxia, daytime fatigue, executive functioning deficits, hyperactivity, and irritability that closely mimic ADHD.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Pediatric OSA may display severe morning grogginess and daytime sleepiness; exhibit hyperactivity, restlessness, and impulsivity as a coping mechanism against fatigue; struggle with working memory and concentration; experience frequent headaches upon waking; or exhibit mood lability.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing sleep study (polysomnography) and ENT evaluation; Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating attention, executive function, and working memory deficits); Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Section 504 Plan; School Nursing support; coordination with medical treatment (adenotonsillectomy, CPAP machine therapy); executive functioning skill support.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Short rest breaks in the nurse's office when daytime fatigue peaks; extended time on tests; breaking long assignments into chunked steps; preferential seating near instruction; permission to stand or move when drowsy; reduced assignment load during medical treatment/recovery; morning tardiness flexibility.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan in place to accommodate daytime fatigue, working memory deficits, and executive functioning challenges caused by OSA?
2. How do staff distinguish between sleep-deprivation hyperactivity and primary ADHD when providing behavioral supports?
3. What rest breaks in the nurse's office are available if my child experiences severe daytime drowsiness?
4. How are teachers supporting working memory and focus through visual checklists and chunked assignments?
5. Are accommodations in place for morning tardiness or sleepiness following night-time airway obstruction?
6. What accommodations (e.g., standing desk, movement breaks) help my child stay alert during independent seatwork?
7. How will testing be adapted (extended time, testing during peak alertness hours) to offset cognitive fatigue?
8. How will missed schoolwork be managed if my child undergoes adenotonsillectomy surgery or medical procedures?
9. How will school staff monitor changes in daytime alertness and academic performance post-treatment?
10. What communication plan exists between the school nurse, family, and sleep physician?
11. How will progress in attention and executive functioning be tracked?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review sleep apnea accommodations?

Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

G47.21

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD) is a neurological circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which a student's internal biological clock is delayed by 2 to 6 hours relative to conventional societal times. The student cannot fall asleep until late night/early morning and struggles severely to wake for standard school start times, leading to severe chronic sleep deprivation.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with DSWPD may experience severe morning sleepiness, extreme difficulty waking up, and chronic morning tardiness or absences; display cognitive slowing and brain fog during morning classes; perform significantly better academically in the afternoon; or experience mood lability.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Assessment reviewing sleep specialist diagnosis; Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating cognitive performance across time of day); Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Section 504 Plan; flexible school scheduling or modified start time; light therapy alignment coordination; academic pacing adjustments.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Adjusted morning arrival time / flexible start schedule without disciplinary tardiness penalties; scheduling core academic classes (math, reading) in the afternoon when cognitive alertness is highest; permission to record morning lectures or access digital notes; quiet rest break in nurse's office during morning fatigue; extended time on morning tests; non-punitive attendance policies.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established that recognizes DSWPD as a neurological circadian rhythm disorder, not intentional tardiness?
2. Can my child's schedule be modified for a flexible or later morning start time without attendance penalties?
3. Are core academic subjects (e.g., math, science, language arts) scheduled during afternoon hours when cognitive alertness is highest?
4. How will missed morning instruction be provided through pre-recorded lectures, guided notes, or digital modules?
5. What accommodations exist for morning tests (e.g., rescheduling to afternoon hours or granting extended time)?
6. Is my child permitted to take a brief rest break in the nurse's office during peak morning drowsiness?
7. How will school staff avoid penalizing morning sleep inertia or sluggishness during early classes?
8. What collaboration exists between the school nurse, family, and sleep specialist regarding light therapy or chronotherapy?
9. How will homework deadlines be adjusted to accommodate circadian sleep schedules?
10. How will total attendance and academic progress be evaluated using non-punitive metrics?
11. How will communication regarding sleep schedule progress be maintained?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review DSWPD accommodations?

Fragile X Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q99.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism. Characteristics include hyper-arousal, severe sensory anxiety, speech perseveration, executive functioning challenges, low muscle tone, and distinct visual-spatial learning profiles.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Fragile X Syndrome may experience rapid sensory overload and anxiety in crowded or loud settings; exhibit eye contact avoidance; engage in hand-flapping, hand-biting, or speech repetitions (perseveration); show strong imitation and visual memory skills; struggle with abstract math; or exhibit physical restlessness.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (psychological, educational, speech-language, OT, and PT assessments); Occupational Therapy Evaluation (focusing on sensory modulation and hypotonia); Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing pragmatic language and speech perseveration); Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction utilizing strong visual learning styles; direct speech-language therapy; occupational therapy for sensory regulation; Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP) centered on hyper-arousal reduction; inclusion support.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Low-arousal, quiet learning environment; visual schedules and social stories; allowing sideways or indirect eye contact without forcing direct eye gaze; noise-canceling headphones; scheduled sensory breaks (heavy work); concrete visual learning tools; extended processing time; peer buddy modeling.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How are teachers adapting the environment to maintain low sensory arousal and prevent overload for my child?
2. Are staff trained to avoid forcing direct eye contact, allowing my child to look sideways or use indirect gaze?
3. What visual schedules, picture task cards, and social narratives are used across all daily routines?
4. How are speech-language and occupational therapy goals integrated into daily classroom activities?
5. How are my child's strong visual learning and imitation skills leveraged to teach new academic concepts?
6. What quiet sensory escape space is available when hyper-arousal or anxiety spikes occur?
7. Has a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) identified specific sensory triggers to prevent escape or hand-biting behaviors?
8. What accommodations manage low muscle tone and writing fatigue (e.g., slant board, typing, adaptive grips)?
9. How are peer modeling and inclusive social opportunities structured at recess and lunch?
10. How will progress on functional academic, speech, and adaptive goals be tracked and reported?
11. What strategies help manage speech perseveration and repetitive questioning?
12. When will the multidisciplinary IEP team meet to review Fragile X supports?

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)

ICD-10 CODE:

Q85.01

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder characterized by neurofibromas (benign nerve tumors), café-au-lait spots, and potential optic pathway gliomas. It frequently causes specific learning disabilities, visual-spatial deficits, executive functioning challenges, ADHD-like symptoms, motor coordination difficulties, and fatigue.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with NF1 may struggle with visual-spatial tasks and math reasoning; exhibit fine motor writing difficulty and motor clumsiness; struggle with attention and organizational skills; experience fatigue; require visual monitoring for optic nerve gliomas (vision changes); or experience peer anxiety regarding physical features.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating visual-spatial processing, executive function, working memory, and math skills); Occupational Therapy Evaluation (evaluating visual-motor integration and fine motor strength); Vision / Ophthalmological Screenings (optic glioma monitoring); Physical Therapy Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction targeting visual-spatial and math deficits; Occupational and Physical Therapy; Speech-Language Therapy if language processing is impacted; Section 504 or IEP implementation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Visual-spatial accommodations in math (graph paper, visual templates, manipulatives); extended time on tests and assignments; speech-to-text or typing accommodations for writing fatigue; preferential seating near instruction; provided class notes; rest breaks for physical fatigue; regular vision monitoring accommodations; peer awareness and supportive social environment.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific learning profile (e.g., visual-spatial deficits, math disability, executive function) was identified in the evaluation?
2. How are math concepts taught using concrete manipulatives and explicit step-by-step visual models?
3. What Occupational Therapy accommodations support handwriting fatigue, fine motor precision, and spatial organization?
4. How are teachers supporting attention, organization, and task initiation in the classroom?
5. What vision screening and ophthalmological updates are coordinated with the school nurse to monitor optic gliomas?
6. Are extended time and reduced assignment volume provided during major tests and writing tasks?
7. What accommodations allow rest breaks during physical fatigue or medical appointments?
8. How will Physical Education be adapted to support motor coordination and safety?
9. How are peer interactions supported to promote self-esteem and social inclusion?
10. How will progress in math, writing, and executive functioning be monitored and reported?
11. What accommodations support standardized testing access?
12. When will the IEP or 504 team meet to review NF1 supports?

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)

ICD-10 CODE:

Q85.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder causing benign tumors (hamartomas) to grow in multiple organs, particularly the brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, skin, and lungs. It leads to epilepsy, intellectual differences, autism spectrum traits, and TAND (TSC-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders) including anxiety, ADHD, and aggression.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with TSC may experience recurrent seizures or post-ictal recovery fatigue; display complex neuropsychiatric symptoms (TAND) like sudden anxiety, rage, or autistic behaviors; struggle with academic learning and memory; exhibit fine motor challenges; or miss school for organ monitoring scans (MRI, renal ultrasound).

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (neuropsychological, educational, speech-language, OT, and PT assessments); TAND (TSC-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders) Checklist Evaluation; Seizure Action Plan Assessment; School Nurse Health Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized educational instruction tailored to cognitive level; direct speech-language and occupational therapy; Seizure Action Plan management; Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP) addressing TAND symptoms.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Seizure Action Plan on file with immediate access to rescue medication; rest breaks after seizure activity; visual schedules and low-arousal sensory breaks; speech-to-text and typing accommodations; extended time on tests; simplified task steps; non-punitive medical attendance flexibility; regular health monitoring.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Has the TAND (TSC-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders) Checklist been administered to identify specific cognitive, behavioral, and emotional needs?
2. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan (SAP) established, and are staff trained to respond and administer rescue medications?
3. How are academic tasks adapted to match my child's cognitive strengths and memory profile?
4. What speech-language and occupational therapy services are provided to support communication and motor skills?
5. What designated quiet space is available for rest following seizure activity or sensory overload?
6. How are behavioral manifestations of TAND (anxiety, mood swings, aggression) managed using positive behavioral supports?
7. What accommodations (speech-to-text, enlarged print, graph paper) bypass fine motor and visual processing challenges?
8. How will school staff accommodate medical absences for hospital scans (MRI, EEG, renal ultrasounds)?
9. How is physical education modified for seizure safety and physical stamina?
10. How will home and school maintain close communication regarding seizure frequency and behavior?
11. How will progress across academic, speech, and adaptive goals be reported?
12. When will the multidisciplinary team meet to review TSC supports?

Turner Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q96.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Turner Syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal condition affecting females in which one X chromosome is completely or partially missing. While verbal intelligence is typically strong, TS is associated with a distinct cognitive profile involving visual-spatial deficits, nonverbal learning differences, math challenges, executive function differences, short stature, and potential hearing loss.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Turner Syndrome may demonstrate advanced verbal reading and vocabulary alongside severe difficulty with visual-spatial math, geometry, and graph alignment; struggle with directional concepts or maps; exhibit motor clumsiness in PE; experience hearing loss (frequent otitis media); or feel self-conscious about short stature.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating visual-spatial reasoning, nonverbal skills, executive function, and math processing); Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing pragmatic language); Audiological Screening (evaluating hearing thresholds); OT Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction targeting nonverbal and visual-spatial math deficits; Occupational Therapy for spatial-motor integration; Audiological support if hearing loss is present; Section 504 or IEP implementation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Concrete math manipulatives, step-by-step written algorithms, and graph paper for aligning math columns; waiver of heavy visual-spatial drawing/mapping requirements; preferential seating near instruction; FM system or hearing accommodations if hearing loss exists; stepstool or physical adaptations for short stature (desk/chair height); extended time on math tests; provided class notes.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific visual-spatial and mathematical deficits were identified in the psychoeducational evaluation?
2. How are strong verbal skills used to compensate for visual-spatial challenges in math and science?
3. What concrete manipulatives, graph paper templates, and step-by-step written rules are provided for math instruction?
4. How are classroom furniture and physical spaces adapted to comfortably accommodate short stature?
5. Has an audiological evaluation assessed potential middle ear issues or hearing loss, and are acoustic accommodations in place?
6. What Occupational Therapy accommodations assist with visual-motor integration and spatial organization?
7. How are social interactions and peer inclusion supported to foster self-esteem?
8. Are extended test time and modified visual math formats provided during assessments?
9. What accommodations exist for physical education to ensure safe, comfortable participation?
10. How will progress in math reasoning, spatial skills, and executive function be monitored?
11. How will school staff handle medical absences for endocrinology visits (growth hormone/estrogen therapy)?
12. When will the team meet to review Turner Syndrome supports?

Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY)

ICD-10 CODE:

Q98.4

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) is a chromosomal condition in males caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome. It is associated with language-based learning disabilities (auditory processing, reading decoding, expressive language delay), executive functioning deficits, low muscle tone, quiet/withdrawn social presentation, and delayed puberty.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Klinefelter Syndrome may struggle with reading fluency, spelling, and expressive writing; take longer to formulate spoken answers; exhibit low physical stamina or motor clumsiness in PE; appear quiet, shy, or passive in social groups; experience fatigue; or struggle with organizational skills and task initiation.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Educational / Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating verbal processing, phonological awareness, reading fluency, and executive function); Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing expressive and receptive language); Occupational Therapy Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction focusing on literacy and written expression; direct speech-language therapy; occupational therapy for fine motor strength; counseling support for self-advocacy and social confidence.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Text-to-speech and speech-to-text software for reading and writing tasks; extended wait time for verbal responses; extended time on tests and reading assignments; pre-teaching vocabulary; structured graphic organizers for essay writing; preferential seating near teacher; encouragement in small-group activities; physical education adaptations for low muscle tone.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific language-based learning challenges (e.g., reading decoding, expressive language, phonological processing) were identified?
2. How many minutes of direct speech-language therapy and specialized reading intervention will be provided?
3. How are teachers providing adequate wait time when asking my child to respond in class?
4. What assistive technology (text-to-speech, speech-to-text, graphic organizers) is provided for reading and writing?
5. How is low muscle tone or fatigue accommodated in physical education and daily handwriting tasks?
6. What strategies are used to encourage my child's social confidence and active participation in group work?
7. How are executive functioning deficits (organization, task initiation) supported through visual planners and check-ins?
8. What accommodations are provided during standardized and classroom reading/writing tests?
9. How will medical treatments (such as testosterone replacement therapy visits) be accommodated?
10. How will school staff build a supportive environment that protects my child's self-esteem?
11. How will progress in literacy, language, and self-advocacy be tracked and reported?
12. When will the IEP or 504 team meet to review supports?

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome / VCFS)

ICD-10 CODE:

D82.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22. It presents with complex multi-system features including congenital heart defects, palatal abnormalities (velopharyngeal dysfunction causing hypernasal speech), immune deficiency, severe math/spatial learning disabilities, anxiety, and risk for psychiatric differences.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome may display hypernasal or difficult-to-understand speech; struggle severely with mathematics and abstract spatial reasoning; experience frequent viral infections due to immune deficiency; experience heightened social anxiety or withdrawal; tire quickly due to heart conditions; or struggle with executive functioning.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (educational, speech-language, psychological, OT, and PT assessments); Speech-Language Evaluation focusing on velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) and resonance; Educational Evaluation (evaluating math and spatial reasoning); School Nurse Health Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction targeting nonverbal/math learning disabilities; direct speech-language therapy (resonance/articulation); Occupational Therapy; School Nursing oversight for cardiac and immune health; Section 504 or IEP implementation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Speech-language therapy accommodations (allowing extra time, visual communication aids); concrete math manipulatives, step-by-step formula sheets, and graph paper; infection control precautions (hand hygiene, notification of classroom illnesses); reduced physical exertion during PE for cardiac safety; extended test time; provided class notes; rest breaks.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How does the IEP address both academic challenges (especially math and spatial reasoning) and speech/resonance needs?
2. What specialized speech-language therapy is provided for velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) and hypernasal speech clarity?
3. What concrete manipulatives, visual aids, and step-by-step algorithms are used for math instruction?
4. What infection control measures (e.g., notification of flu/chickenpox outbreaks) protect my child's immune system?
5. How are cardiac monitoring and physical stamina accommodations integrated into PE and daily routines?
6. What accommodations reduce social anxiety and support positive peer interactions in the classroom?
7. How are executive functioning deficits accommodated through structured visual planners and task breakdown?
8. What extended time and modified test formats are provided for visual-spatial assessments?
9. How will medical absences for immunology, cardiology, or ENT appointments be managed without penalty?
10. How will school staff monitor fatigue and emotional well-being throughout the day?
11. How will progress across speech, math, and adaptive goals be measured?
12. When will the multidisciplinary team meet to review 22q11.2 supports?

Hydrocephalus and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Management

ICD-10 CODE:

G91.9

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates within the brain's ventricles, increasing intracranial pressure. It is typically managed surgically with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Cognitive impacts often include nonverbal learning differences, visual-spatial deficits, executive function challenges, and emergency risk of shunt failure.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Hydrocephalus / VP Shunt may exhibit strong verbal memory alongside marked difficulty with math alignment, visual-spatial tasks, and fine motor writing; experience sudden headache, vomiting, lethargy, or vision changes (warning signs of life-threatening VP shunt malfunction); or struggle with organization.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing Shunt Emergency Protocol; Comprehensive Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating visual-spatial processing, fluid reasoning, and executive function); Occupational Therapy Evaluation (evaluating fine motor skills and spatial layout); Vision Screening.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management including mandatory staff training on VP shunt failure signs; Section 504 Plan or IEP; specialized academic instruction for visual-spatial and math deficits; Occupational Therapy.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Immediate emergency medical protocol for VP shunt failure (headache, vomiting, drowsiness, fever, personality change); graph paper, concrete manipulatives, and formula cards for math; speech-to-text or typing for writing fatigue; prohibition of head-contact sports in PE; extra time on tests; provided class notes; rest breaks.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Are all school staff (teachers, PE coaches, nurse, bus drivers) fully trained on the critical warning signs of VP shunt failure (headache, vomiting, lethargy, irritability)?
2. What is the exact step-by-step emergency medical protocol if a VP shunt malfunction is suspected at school?
3. How are visual-spatial and mathematical learning deficits identified and supported in the classroom?
4. What concrete tools (graph paper, step-by-step math cards, manipulatives) are provided for math instruction?
5. How are handwriting fatigue and visual-motor integration challenges accommodated by Occupational Therapy?
6. How is Physical Education modified to strictly avoid head-contact sports or activities with head injury risk?
7. What accommodations manage executive functioning deficits (organization, multi-step planning)?
8. How will high-stakes testing be adapted to account for visual-spatial processing speed differences?
9. What rest breaks in the nurse's office are available when headaches or fatigue occur?
10. How will medical absences for neurosurgical follow-ups or MRI scans be handled without academic penalty?
11. How will academic and health goals be tracked and reported?
12. When will the 504/IEP team meet to review hydrocephalus supports?

SYNGAP1-Related Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F78.A1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

SYNGAP1-Related Disorder is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental condition caused by a mutation in the SYNGAP1 gene. It leads to global developmental delay, moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, early-onset epilepsy/seizures, severe speech and language impairment, sensory processing differences, autism-spectrum traits, and sleep disruptions.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with SYNGAP1-Related Disorder may communicate primarily non-verbally or through AAC devices; experience frequent absence or reflex seizures (triggered by eating or touch); exhibit motor dyspraxia and unsteady gait; display sudden behavioral dysregulation or impulsivity when sensory overwhelmed; or experience severe sleepiness due to night-time seizures.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (psychological, educational, speech-language, OT, and PT assessments); Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Evaluation; Seizure Action Plan Assessment; Occupational Therapy Sensory Profile.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized self-contained or highly supported special education setting; direct speech-language therapy with AAC integration; Occupational and Physical Therapy; Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP); 1:1 paraprofessional support for safety and communication; Seizure Action Plan management.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

High-tech or low-tech AAC communication device available at all times; Seizure Action Plan with emergency rescue medication protocol; sensory decompression space with low lighting; padding or soft helmet for fall/seizure safety if ordered; picture activity schedules; visual transit cues; simplified functional curriculum.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's AAC communication system integrated across all classroom routines and specialized therapies?
2. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan established, and are staff trained to identify subtle SYNGAP1 seizure triggers (such as eating)?
3. What 1:1 paraprofessional support is provided to ensure physical safety, seizure monitoring, and mobility assistance?
4. How are Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy goals coordinated to address motor dyspraxia and sensory regulation?
5. What quiet, padded sensory space is available when my child experiences sensory overload or behavioral distress?
6. How are visual picture schedules used to support transitions between activities?
7. How will functional academic and communication goals be adapted to match my child's developmental processing level?
8. What protocols exist for handling daytime fatigue caused by night-time sleep disruptions and seizure activity?
9. How will positive behavioral supports replace restrictive or punitive discipline for dysregulation?
10. How will school staff foster positive social interaction with peers?
11. How will progress across communication, motor, and adaptive skills be monitored and reported?
12. When will the multidisciplinary team meet to review SYNGAP1 supports?

Kleine-Levin Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

G47.8

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of extreme hypersomnia (sleeping 15 to 21 hours per day) accompanied by cognitive confusion, derealization (feeling detached from reality), hyperphagia (compulsive eating), and behavioral regressions. Episodes last days to weeks, interspersed with long periods of completely normal functioning.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student during a KLS episode may fall asleep at their desk and be unarousable; appear severely disoriented, spacey, or childlike ('in a dream-like fog'); exhibit compulsive food-seeking behavior; express derealization or severe apathy; or miss weeks of school during an active episode.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Assessment reviewing sleep specialist documentation; Educational Evaluation to establish an Academic Recovery and Absence Plan; Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Section 504 Plan with specialized medical episode protocols; homebound/remote instruction coordination during active episodes; academic recovery and grade preservation plan following episode resolution.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Immediate non-punitive release to home or nurse's office when an episode begins; complete exemption from schoolwork and testing during active KLS episodes; flexible academic recovery plan following episode resolution (waiving non-essential work); remote/homebound learning options; non-punitive attendance policies; quiet rest room.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established that recognizes KLS as a episodic neurological medical disorder requiring flexible scheduling?
2. Are staff trained to recognize the early cognitive and behavioral onset signs of a KLS episode?
3. What is the immediate protocol for contacting parents and allowing quiet rest in the nurse's office when an episode starts?
4. How are academic assignments and high-stakes tests completely paused during an active KLS episode?
5. What academic recovery plan is implemented after an episode resolves to help my child catch up without overwhelming stress?
6. How will non-essential assignments be waived so my child is evaluated only on essential core standards?
7. How are attendance records protected from truancy penalties during multi-week medical episodes?
8. What homebound or remote learning options are available during prolonged recovery periods?
9. How will staff protect my child's privacy regarding episode symptoms (derealization, hyperphagia)?
10. How will teachers support my child's seamless social and academic re-entry following an episode?
11. How will communication between home, sleep specialist, and school nurse be maintained?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review KLS accommodations?

Rett Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

F84.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Rett Syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental genetic disorder occurring almost exclusively in females (caused by MECP2 mutation). Following early typical development, children experience loss of purposeful hand skills and spoken language, replaced by repetitive hand wringing/washing, severe motor impairment, breathing irregularities, apraxia, and loss of mobility.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Rett Syndrome may use eye-gaze technology for communication; exhibit involuntary hand wringing or tapping; experience severe apraxia (brain knows what to do but body cannot execute the motor plan); experience breath-holding or hyperventilation episodes; require full physical support for mobility; or have co-occurring seizures.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Assistive Technology (AT) / Eye-Gaze AAC Evaluation; Multidisciplinary Evaluation (speech-language, OT, PT, educational); Physical Therapy Assessment (assessing scoliosis, gait, and standing frame access); Seizure Action Plan Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

High-tech eye-gaze AAC communication programming; direct Speech-Language, Occupational, and Physical Therapy; specialized special education placement; 1:1 paraprofessional support for communication and physical care; Seizure Action Plan management.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Eye-gaze AAC speech device mounted to wheelchair/stander at all times; ample processing and response time (up to 30 seconds for eye-gaze selection); slant board and adaptive seating; regular positioning changes (standing frame, mat time); tactile and auditory sensory activities; full physical care support; non-punitive attendance flexibility.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's eye-gaze AAC device mounted, calibrated, and utilized across all classroom activities?
2. Are all teachers and therapists providing extended wait time (up to 30 seconds) for my child to process and respond via eye gaze?
3. How many minutes of direct Speech-Language, Occupational, and Physical Therapy will be provided weekly?
4. How are positioning equipment (standing frames, adaptive seating, floor mats) integrated into the daily school schedule?
5. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan established, and are staff trained to monitor breathing irregularities and seizures?
6. What 1:1 paraprofessional support is assigned to assist with physical care, feeding, transfers, and device setup?
7. How are motor apraxia challenges accommodated by avoiding reliance on physical hand function for academic testing?
8. What sensory-rich auditory, tactile, and visual learning experiences are incorporated into the curriculum?
9. How will progress in communication accuracy and motor endurance be documented and reported?
10. How are inclusive peer activities structured so my child is actively engaged with classmates?
11. What emergency protocols cover Rett-related medical complications?
12. When will the Rett multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Angelman Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q93.51

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a lack of functional UBE3A gene expression on chromosome 15. It is characterized by severe developmental delay, absence of spoken language, severe balance/gait ataxia, early-onset epilepsy, severe sleep disturbance, and a distinct happy, excitable demeanor with frequent laughter and hand-flapping.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Angelman Syndrome may exhibit frequent laughter, smiling, and high excitability; communicate non-verbally using AAC, gestures, or PODD books; walk with a stiff, wide-based ataxic gait; seek water or shiny objects (water fascination); exhibit severe motor restlessness; or experience daytime sleepiness from night-time sleep disruption.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Evaluation; Multidisciplinary Evaluation (speech-language, OT, PT, educational); Seizure Action Plan Assessment; Physical Therapy Evaluation (assessing gait ataxia and balance); Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education setting; high-tech AAC and multimodal communication therapy; Physical and Occupational Therapy; 1:1 paraprofessional support for safety and gait stability; Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP); Seizure Action Plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Multimodal AAC communication system (eye-gaze, tablet AAC, PODD books) available constantly; Seizure Action Plan with emergency medication protocol; 1:1 physical supervision for fall prevention due to ataxia; water safety precautions; sensory breaks (heavy work, movement); simplified visual task cards; nap break flexibility.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What primary AAC communication system (e.g., tablet AAC, PODD, eye-gaze) is implemented across all school environments?
2. Is 1:1 paraprofessional support assigned for physical gait stability, fall prevention, and safety around water/stairs?
3. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan in place with staff trained to administer emergency rescue medication?
4. How are Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy goals integrated to support balance, motor planning, and fine motor skills?
5. How are teachers providing structured sensory outlets to manage high excitability and motor restlessness?
6. What water safety protocols are enforced across all school grounds and field trips?
7. How are visual picture schedules used to support transitions and task completion?
8. How will daytime fatigue caused by severe night-time sleep disruptions be accommodated with rest breaks?
9. How will functional communication goals replace frustrated behaviors or pulling?
10. How will school staff foster meaningful peer relationships and social inclusion?
11. How will progress in communication and adaptive motor skills be reported?
12. When will the AS multidisciplinary team meet to review progress?

Prader-Willi Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q87.11

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a lack of active paternal genes on chromosome 15. It is characterized by severe infantile hypotonia, followed in childhood by hyperphagia (chronic, insatiable hunger due to lack of satiety signaling), low metabolic rate, intellectual/learning differences, skin picking, and severe anxiety around food.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Prader-Willi Syndrome may experience extreme food-seeking or foraging behaviors if food is accessible; exhibit intense anxiety or temper outbursts regarding schedule changes or food access; experience severe daytime sleepiness; display skin-picking behaviors; or struggle with math and executive functioning.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (educational, psychological, speech-language, OT, PT); School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing PWS Food & Safety Plan; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) focusing on food triggers and routine consistency.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized educational support; PWS-specific Food and Safety Protocol (strict food security); Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP) emphasizing routine predictability and clear boundaries; Occupational Therapy; Physical Therapy for muscle tone.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Strictly food-secure classroom environment (locked trash cans, locked teacher desks, no food rewards, no unattended lunches); advance written/visual notice of all schedule changes; physical exercise program to support low metabolism; skin-picking accommodations (bandages, fidget tools, cotton gloves); 1:1 supervision during unstructured times; rest breaks for daytime sleepiness.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a comprehensive PWS Food and Safety Protocol strictly enforced across all classrooms, cafeteria, busing, and events?
2. Are all school staff trained that food is locked and secure, and that food must NEVER be used as a reward or punishment?
3. How will teachers ensure visual schedule predictability to prevent severe anxiety surrounding transitions or mealtimes?
4. How are skin-picking behaviors managed supportively using fidget tools, bandages, and redirection without shaming?
5. What daily physical activity program is built into the schedule to offset low muscle tone and low metabolic rate?
6. How is 1:1 supervision provided during lunch, recess, and transitions to ensure food security and safety?
7. How are emotional outbursts or food-seeking distress de-escalated using low-arousal, non-confrontational strategies?
8. What accommodations manage daytime sleepiness and fatigue during academic work?
9. How will academic learning goals (especially in math and executive function) be adapted to match processing levels?
10. How will school staff coordinate with parents regarding exact food portions sent from home?
11. How will progress across academic, behavioral, and motor goals be reported?
12. When will the PWS team meet to review food safety and educational supports?

Williams Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q87.19

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Williams Syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic condition caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7. It is characterized by a unique cognitive profile: vibrant verbal language skills and hyper-social personality alongside severe visual-spatial deficits, profound math difficulty, high anxiety, hypersensitivity to sound (hyperacusis), and cardiovascular stenosis.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Williams Syndrome may express advanced vocabulary and express deep interest in people while struggling severely with spatial tasks (drawing, puzzles, math layout); experience extreme anxiety or distress from sudden loud noises (fire drills, vacuum cleaners); display hyper-social approach to strangers; or experience cardiac fatigue.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychoeducational Evaluation (evaluating visual-spatial deficits vs. strong verbal abilities); Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing pragmatic overuse of clichés and social language depth); Audiological Evaluation (hyperacusis assessment); Physical/OT Evaluations; Cardiac Screening.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized academic instruction leveraging strong auditory-verbal memory; Occupational Therapy for visual-spatial and fine motor skills; Speech-Language Therapy; Music-based learning interventions; Section 504 or IEP implementation.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Advance notice and noise-canceling headphones for fire drills, bells, and loud assemblies; concrete verbal instruction bypassing visual-spatial layouts; graph paper and calculators for math; pre-teaching transitions to manage anxiety; gentle social boundaries coaching; cardiac safety accommodations in PE; provided class notes.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How does the IEP leverage my child's strong verbal memory and musical affinity to teach academic concepts?
2. What specific accommodations protect my child from severe anxiety caused by hyperacusis (loud noise sensitivity like fire drills, bells)?
3. How are visual-spatial learning deficits (math alignment, spatial drawing, geometry) adapted using verbal explanations?
4. What safety protocols and boundaries are taught to protect my child's hyper-social personality around strangers?
5. How are cardiac safety guidelines integrated into Physical Education and outdoor play?
6. What accommodations reduce anxiety surrounding schedule changes, substitute teachers, or unexpected events?
7. How are fine motor writing difficulties supported by Occupational Therapy, speech-to-text, or keyboarding?
8. What extended time and modified formats are provided for visual-spatial assessments?
9. How will speech-language therapy refine pragmatic communication beyond surface-level social chatter?
10. How will school staff monitor anxiety and cardiovascular stamina throughout the day?
11. How will academic and social progress be tracked and reported?
12. When will the multidisciplinary team meet to review Williams Syndrome supports?

Smith-Magenis Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q87.89

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a deletion or mutation on chromosome 17 (RAI1 gene). It is characterized by severe inverted circadian sleep rhythms (daytime sleepiness, night-time waking), distinct behavioral features (self-hugging, hand cramping), self-injurious behaviors (head-banging, skin-picking, nail removal), and intense explosive outbursts.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Smith-Magenis Syndrome may experience extreme daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks; display explosive behavioral outbursts when frustrated or transitioning; engage in self-injurious behaviors (skin picking, head banging, hand biting); exhibit strong craving for adult attention; or struggle with academic concepts.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (educational, psychological, speech-language, OT, PT); Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) focusing on attention-seeking and self-injurious triggers; School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing sleep rhythm inversion.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education setting with low student-to-staff ratio; 1:1 paraprofessional support for safety and self-injury prevention; Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP); Occupational Therapy for sensory regulation; Speech-Language Therapy.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

1:1 supervision for self-injury prevention; scheduled quiet rest breaks for inverted sleep fatigue; predictable visual schedules and transition warnings; non-punitive de-escalation space; skin-picking accommodations (bandages, tactile fidgets); clear, consistent adult boundaries; simplified functional academic curriculum.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Has a comprehensive Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) identified specific triggers for self-injurious behaviors (skin picking, head banging) and outbursts?
2. Is 1:1 paraprofessional support assigned to maintain physical safety, prevent self-injury, and provide continuous support?
3. How are rest breaks in the nurse's office scheduled to manage severe daytime sleepiness caused by inverted circadian sleep rhythms?
4. What positive behavioral strategies provide structured adult attention without reinforcing explosive outbursts?
5. How are transitions between activities structured visually to prevent behavioral dysregulation?
6. What quiet, padded, non-punitive cool-down area is available when an outburst occurs?
7. How are fine motor challenges and hand-cramping accommodated in written work?
8. How will home and school maintain daily communication regarding night-time sleep logs and daytime behaviors?
9. What specialized training have staff received regarding Smith-Magenis Syndrome behavioral profiles?
10. How will functional academic and communication goals be adapted and measured?
11. How do staff protect the child's self-esteem and peer relationships?
12. When will the SMS multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q87.89-PS

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a mutation or deletion in the TCF4 gene on chromosome 18. It is characterized by significant intellectual disability, absence of spoken language, severe motor delays, distinctive episodic hyperventilation/breath-holding spells, gastrointestinal issues, and happy, excitable demeanor.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome may communicate non-verbally using high-tech AAC or picture systems; walk with an unsteady, wide-based gait or use a manual/power wheelchair; experience hyperventilation or breath-holding episodes during excitement or anxiety; experience constipation/reflux pain; or exhibit hand-flapping and sensory seeking.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Evaluation; Multidisciplinary Evaluation (educational, speech-language, OT, PT); Physical Therapy Evaluation (gait, balance, mobility access); School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing breathing episode protocol.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education placement; direct Speech-Language Therapy with AAC programming; Physical and Occupational Therapy; 1:1 paraprofessional support for mobility and physical care; School Nursing management.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

High-tech eye-gaze or tablet AAC device mounted to mobility equipment; 1:1 assistance for physical mobility, transfers, and fall prevention; quiet sensory space for breathing regulation; adaptive seating and standing frames; visual schedules; full physical self-care support; medical absence flexibility.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's high-tech AAC device (e.g., eye-gaze, speech tablet) integrated into all classroom and therapy activities?
2. Are school staff and nursing personnel trained to handle episodic hyperventilation and breath-holding spells calmly and safely?
3. What 1:1 paraprofessional support is provided for physical mobility, gait stability, transfers, and personal care?
4. How many minutes of direct Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, and Speech Therapy will be provided each week?
5. How are positioning devices (standing frames, adaptive seating, floor mats) incorporated into the daily schedule?
6. What quiet sensory decompression space is available when my child becomes sensory overwhelmed or anxious?
7. How are visual picture schedules used to support routine transitions?
8. How will gastrointestinal discomfort (reflux, severe constipation) be monitored and accommodated at school?
9. How will functional cognitive and communication progress be documented and reported?
10. How will school staff foster inclusive peer opportunities during social times?
11. What emergency health protocols are in place for breathing or medical events?
12. When will the PTHS multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Phelan-McDermid Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q93.52

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion or mutation in the SHANK3 gene on chromosome 22. It is characterized by moderate-to-profound intellectual disability, severe delay or absence of speech, motor hypotonia, high pain threshold, autism-spectrum traits, recurrent seizures, and regression in skills.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Phelan-McDermid Syndrome may communicate non-verbally; display low muscle tone (hypotonia) causing unsteady gait or physical fatigue; fail to report physical injury due to high pain tolerance; chew on non-food items (pica/intense oral seeking); experience skill regression; or have seizures.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Evaluation (educational, speech-language, OT, PT, psychological); AAC Communication Evaluation; Occupational Therapy Evaluation (evaluating severe oral-sensory seeking and hypotonia); Seizure Action Plan Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education setting; direct Speech-Language Therapy (AAC); Occupational Therapy for sensory modulation and oral-motor seeking; Physical Therapy; 1:1 paraprofessional support for safety and injury monitoring; Seizure Action Plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

AAC device available at all times; 1:1 supervision for safety, injury monitoring (high pain threshold), and pica prevention; safe chewable sensory tools (chewies); Seizure Action Plan with emergency rescue medication protocol; adaptive seating; sensory breaks; simplified visual task cards.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's AAC communication system programmed and utilized throughout the entire school day?
2. What 1:1 paraprofessional support is assigned to monitor for physical injuries due to my child's high pain threshold?
3. How do staff manage oral-sensory seeking and pica (chewing non-food items) using safe chewable tools and close supervision?
4. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan established, and are staff trained to recognize subtle seizure activity?
5. How many minutes of direct Physical, Occupational, and Speech Therapy will be provided each week?
6. How are skill regressions monitored and addressed promptly by the educational team?
7. What adaptive seating, positioning, and mobility supports are provided for low muscle tone (hypotonia)?
8. What quiet sensory area is available when my child experiences sensory overstimulation?
9. How are visual picture schedules used to support daily transitions?
10. How will school staff foster positive social interactions with peers?
11. How will progress in adaptive, communication, and motor skills be reported?
12. When will the PMS multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

G40.42

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder (CDD) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental condition caused by mutations in the CDKL5 gene. It is characterized by early-onset, treatment-resistant epilepsy (seizures starting in early infancy), severe global developmental delay, profound intellectual disability, cortical visual impairment (CVI), severe motor impairment, and limited hand function.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with CDD may experience multiple daily seizures; communicate non-verbally using multi-sensory or eye-gaze cues; exhibit severe cortical visual impairment (responding better to backlit screens or preferred colors); require full physical care for mobility and feeding; or experience severe fatigue.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Evaluation (educational, speech-language, OT, PT); Seizure Action Plan Assessment; CVI Range Assessment (by a certified TVI); Assistive Technology (Eye-Gaze/Multi-Sensory) Evaluation; School Nurse Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education placement; direct Speech-Language, Occupational, and Physical Therapy; certified Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI) support for CVI; 1:1 nursing/paraprofessional support for complex seizure and physical care; Seizure Action Plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Detailed Seizure Action Plan with immediate access to rescue medications; CVI accommodations (high contrast, preferred single colors, backlit screens, simplified visual field); eye-gaze or auditory-tactile communication tools; full physical assistance for transfers and positioning (standing frame, tilt-in-space wheelchair); rest breaks following seizures.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a comprehensive Seizure Action Plan established, and are nursing and classroom staff fully trained to handle frequent seizures and emergency medications?
2. How is a certified Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI) adapting materials for my child's Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI)?
3. How is eye-gaze or multi-sensory assistive technology incorporated into daily communication and learning activities?
4. What 1:1 nursing or paraprofessional support is assigned for physical care, positioning, feeding, and seizure safety?
5. How many minutes of direct Physical, Occupational, and Speech Therapy will be provided weekly?
6. How are positioning equipment (standing frames, adaptive chairs, mat therapy) integrated into the school day?
7. What quiet, comfortable rest space is available for recovery following seizure episodes?
8. How will fatigue and health fluctuations be accommodated without restricting school access?
9. How will multi-sensory auditory, tactile, and visual experiences be embedded in the curriculum?
10. How will school staff ensure meaningful peer inclusion during social activities?
11. How will progress in adaptive, communication, and motor goals be documented?
12. When will the CDD multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Dravet Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

G40.833

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Dravet Syndrome is a rare, severe genetic epileptic encephalopathy caused by SCN1A gene mutations. It is characterized by prolonged, severe, heat- and fever-sensitive seizures (status epilepticus), developmental delay, motor dyspraxia/ataxia, sleep disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, and high risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Dravet Syndrome may experience sudden, prolonged seizures triggered by mild fever, illness, physical exertion, ambient heat, light flicker, or excitement; exhibit unsteady gait (ataxia); experience cognitive slowing and memory challenges; or miss school due to emergency hospitalizations.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing comprehensive Dravet Seizure & Heat Protocol; Multidisciplinary Evaluation (educational, speech-language, OT, PT); Seizure Action Plan Assessment; Physical Therapy Evaluation (gait/balance).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management; detailed Seizure Action Plan with emergency rescue medication protocols; strict Temperature and Heat Management Plan; Physical and Occupational Therapy; 1:1 paraprofessional support for seizure safety and cooling; specialized educational support.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Strictly climate-controlled classroom (air conditioning, cooling vest permission); immediate access to emergency rescue medications (e.g., nasal midazolam); immediate temperature check and cooling protocol if warm; prohibition of strenuous physical exertion in PE or hot outdoor recess; steady gait support; extended test time; medical absence flexibility.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a comprehensive Dravet Seizure Protocol established, and are staff trained to respond immediately to prolonged seizures (status epilepticus)?
2. What strict temperature control protocols (air conditioning, cooling vests, indoor recess on warm days) are enforced to prevent heat-triggered seizures?
3. What is the immediate protocol if my child develops a low-grade fever or becomes warm at school?
4. Is 1:1 paraprofessional support assigned for continuous seizure monitoring, gait stability, and cooling support?
5. How is Physical Education modified to strictly avoid physical over-exertion or overheating?
6. How are light sensitivity triggers (patterned lighting, flickering lights) minimized in the classroom?
7. What extended time and learning accommodations support cognitive processing and memory fatigue following seizures?
8. How will medical absences for hospital stays or medication adjustments be managed without academic penalty?
9. Where are rescue medications stored, and who is trained to administer them immediately?
10. How will school staff maintain continuous communication with parents regarding health and seizure frequency?
11. How will academic and adaptive goals be tracked?
12. When will the Dravet multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Dup15q Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q92.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Dup15q Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a duplication of the 15q11.2-q13.1 region of chromosome 15. It is characterized by motor hypotonia, moderate-to-profound intellectual disability, autism spectrum traits, speech and language impairment, sensory processing differences, and difficult-to-control epilepsy (infantile spasms, atonic/tonic-clonic seizures).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Dup15q Syndrome may communicate non-verbally using AAC; exhibit motor clumsiness or low muscle tone; experience sudden seizures or drop attacks; display sensory seeking or sensory overload behaviors; exhibit anxiety with transitions; or require full support for daily living skills.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Evaluation (educational, speech-language, OT, PT); AAC Communication Evaluation; Seizure Action Plan Assessment; Occupational Therapy Sensory Profile; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education setting; direct Speech-Language Therapy with AAC programming; Occupational and Physical Therapy; 1:1 paraprofessional support for mobility, fall prevention, and seizure safety; Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP); Seizure Action Plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

High-tech or low-tech AAC communication system available at all times; Seizure Action Plan with emergency rescue medication protocol; 1:1 physical supervision for fall prevention (drop attacks) and motor hypotonia; quiet sensory break space; visual activity schedules; adaptive seating; simplified functional curriculum.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's AAC communication system integrated into all classroom activities and speech therapy sessions?
2. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan established, and are staff trained to recognize subtle seizures and drop attacks?
3. What 1:1 paraprofessional support is provided for fall prevention, seizure safety, and physical mobility assistance?
4. How many minutes of direct Speech, Occupational, and Physical Therapy will be provided weekly?
5. What sensory accommodations (quiet breaks, weighted lap pads, chewies) manage sensory processing needs?
6. How are visual picture schedules used to support routine transitions and reduce anxiety?
7. How are adaptive seating and positioning equipment incorporated into the classroom?
8. What accommodations manage daytime fatigue following seizure activity or night-time sleep disruption?
9. How will functional academic and adaptive goals be measured and reported?
10. How will school staff foster inclusive peer social interactions?
11. What emergency procedures cover seizure complications?
12. When will the Dup15q multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Kleefstra Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q87.89-KS

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Kleefstra Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion or mutation in the EHMT1 gene on chromosome 9. It is characterized by intellectual disability, severe speech delay (often non-verbal), motor hypotonia, distinctive facial features, childhood apathy/psychosis regression phases, sleep disturbance, and autism spectrum traits.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Kleefstra Syndrome may communicate primarily non-verbally or through AAC; exhibit low muscle tone causing motor fatigue or unsteady gait; display periods of behavioral regression or sudden apathy; seek sensory input; experience daytime sleepiness from sleep issues; or require assistance with self-care.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Evaluation (educational, speech-language, OT, PT, psychological); AAC Communication Evaluation; Occupational Therapy Sensory Evaluation; Physical Therapy Assessment (hypotonia/gait); School Nurse Health Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education placement; direct Speech-Language Therapy with AAC focus; Occupational and Physical Therapy; 1:1 paraprofessional support for safety and communication; Positive Behavior Support Plan (BIP); sleep/fatigue management accommodations.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

AAC communication device accessible at all times; visual schedules and social stories; 1:1 supervision for mobility and safety; scheduled rest breaks for daytime fatigue; adaptive seating and slant board; sensory break area; simplified functional academic curriculum; non-punitive regression accommodations.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's AAC communication system programmed and supported across all school routines?
2. What 1:1 paraprofessional support is assigned to assist with physical mobility, self-care, and safety?
3. How are Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy goals integrated to address low muscle tone and motor fatigue?
4. What protocol is in place to manage and support periods of behavioral or apathy regression supportively?
5. How are visual picture schedules used to promote predictable, smooth transitions between activities?
6. What quiet sensory decompression area is available when my child experiences sensory overstimulation?
7. How will daytime fatigue caused by night-time sleep disturbances be accommodated with rest breaks?
8. How will functional academic, speech, and adaptive skill goals be adapted and measured?
9. What accommodations assist with eating, drinking, and cafeteria support?
10. How will school staff foster inclusive social interactions with classmates?
11. How will home and school maintain daily communication regarding health and behavior?
12. When will the Kleefstra multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

F80.3

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) is a rare childhood neurological disorder characterized by the sudden or gradual loss of the ability to understand and use spoken language (auditory verbal agnosia / acquired aphasia) in a previously typically developing child, accompanied by abnormal brain wave activity during sleep (epileptiform EEG) and seizures.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Landau-Kleffner Syndrome may suddenly act as if they have become deaf ('can hear sounds but cannot understand spoken words'); experience severe frustration and behavioral distress due to sudden loss of language; rely on visual, gestural, or sign language communication; experience nocturnal seizures; or fall behind academically.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Speech-Language Evaluation (assessing auditory agnosia, receptive/expressive aphasia, and visual language capabilities); Audiological Evaluation (ruling out peripheral hearing loss); Psychoeducational Evaluation; Neurological / EEG Review; AAC Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Specialized special education placement with intensive visual/sign communication focus; direct Speech-Language Therapy focusing on visual language and AAC; Sign Language / Visual Communication instruction; Seizure Action Plan; counseling support for emotional trauma of language loss.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Immediate transition to visual instructional modalities (written words, picture symbols, sign language, visual schedules); high-tech AAC device or visual communication books; non-verbal test administration; quiet testing environment; extended processing time; Seizure Action Plan for nocturnal/daytime seizures; peer awareness and supportive social environment.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How are all classroom instructions immediately adapted to visual modalities (sign language, written text, picture symbols, AAC) to bypass auditory agnosia?
2. What specialized Speech-Language Therapy is provided to address acquired verbal aphasia and build alternative visual communication?
3. Is a formal Seizure Action Plan established, and are staff trained on LKS EEG and seizure characteristics?
4. How are school counseling staff supporting my child through the emotional frustration and trauma of sudden language loss?
5. How are academic tasks adapted so my child is evaluated on intellectual knowledge rather than spoken/auditory language?
6. What visual communication tools (AAC tablets, picture schedules) are provided across all school settings?
7. How are substitute teachers and support staff trained to communicate visually with my child?
8. What accommodations manage daytime fatigue following nocturnal epileptiform activity?
9. How will progress in visual language acquisition and functional communication be tracked?
10. How will school staff foster positive peer inclusion using non-verbal and visual communication?
11. What re-evaluation protocol monitors language recovery or fluctuations over time?
12. When will the LKS multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

CHARGE Syndrome

ICD-10 CODE:

Q87.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

CHARGE Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CHD7 gene. It is characterized by a unique combination of features: Coloboma of the eye, Heart defects, Atresia choanae (nasal passage obstruction), Growth retardation, Genital abnormalities, and Ear abnormalities/Deafblindness, leading to complex sensory, physical, and developmental needs.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with CHARGE Syndrome may experience combined vision and hearing loss (deafblindness); use tactile sign language or multimodal AAC; experience balance deficits due to inner ear malformations; require medical management for heart defects or breathing/swallowing issues; experience fatigue; or require specialized environmental structuring.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Deafblindness Specialist Assessment; Functional Vision Assessment (FVA) & Learning Media Assessment (LMA); Audiological Evaluation; Physical Therapy (balance/gait ataxia); Occupational Therapy; Speech-Language & AAC Evaluation; School Nurse Health Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Services from a certified Teacher of the Deaf/Hard of Hearing (TOD), Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI), and Deafblind Intervener; 1:1 Intervener support; Physical and Occupational Therapy; School Nursing management.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

1:1 Deafblind Intervener support across all school settings; tactile and high-contrast visual learning materials; multimodal AAC system (tactile sign, picture symbols, speech devices); specialized lighting and glare reduction; physical balance and mobility adaptations (railing, adaptive seating); cardiac and respiratory health accommodations; extended processing time.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Will a trained 1:1 Deafblind Intervener be assigned to provide continuous sensory access, communication, and environmental connection?
2. How are a certified Teacher of the Deaf (TOD) and Teacher of Students with Visual Impairments (TVI) collaborating to support dual sensory impairment?
3. What primary multimodal communication system (tactile sign language, visual symbols, AAC) is implemented across all classes?
4. How are classroom environments modified for visual coloboma (glare control, high contrast) and inner ear balance deficits?
5. Is a comprehensive healthcare plan in place for managing cardiac conditions, swallowing, and airway needs?
6. How many minutes of direct Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy will address balance, motor planning, and stamina?
7. What accommodations allow extra time for processing and physical transitions between classes?
8. How are tactile graphic materials, Braille, or enlarged media provided for academic lessons?
9. What emergency evacuation plans are established for a student with dual sensory impairment?
10. How will school staff foster meaningful peer relationships and social inclusion?
11. How will progress across sensory, communication, and academic goals be monitored and reported?
12. When will the CHARGE multidisciplinary team meet to review supports?

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

ICD-10 CODE:

F40.10

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Social Anxiety Disorder is a mental health condition characterized by intense, persistent fear of being judged, scrutinized, evaluated negatively, or embarrassed by others in social or performance situations. It goes far beyond typical shyness and significantly impairs classroom participation.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Social Anxiety Disorder may experience severe panic or freezing when called on to speak; refuse to participate in oral presentations or group discussions; avoid eating in the cafeteria; avoid using communal school restrooms; or experience physical symptoms (blushing, trembling, nausea) before school.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing social anxiety severity, performance fears, and avoidance patterns); School Social Work / Counseling Assessment; Educational Evaluation assessing classroom participation and oral presentation impact.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling focusing on cognitive-behavioral anxiety management; gradual exposure protocols; structured check-in with a trusted school adult; peer-mediated social inclusion support.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Option to present orally to small groups, privately to the teacher, or via pre-recorded video; non-verbal call-on cues agreed upon in advance; alternative quiet lunchroom seating; extended time on presentations; seating near supportive peers; permission to visit counselor when experiencing severe social distress.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's social anxiety manifesting during classroom discussions and group work?
2. What specific classroom triggers (e.g., random call-on, oral reading, public speaking) increase anxiety?
3. Are alternative options (such as video submission or small-group presentations) allowed for oral grades?
4. How are teachers providing non-verbal cues before asking my child to speak in class?
5. What coping strategies is the school counseling staff practicing with my child?
6. What accommodations exist for unstructured social times like cafeteria lunch and assemblies?
7. How do staff handle situations where my child freezes or experiences panic during class?
8. What plan is in place to ensure my child is not penalized on participation grades due to social anxiety?
9. How is extended time or private testing utilized to reduce performance pressure?
10. How will school counseling staff coordinate with our private mental health therapist?
11. How will progress in social self-advocacy and anxiety management be tracked?
12. When will the team meet to review social anxiety accommodations?

Separation Anxiety Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F93.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Separation Anxiety Disorder is a mental health condition involving excessive, developmentally inappropriate fear or anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures (parents/caregivers). It leads to persistent distress about harm coming to loved ones and frequent school avoidance.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Separation Anxiety Disorder may experience intense distress, crying, or clinging during morning drop-off; make frequent visits to the nurse's office with stomachaches or headaches; request to call parents repeatedly during the day; struggle to focus during lessons due to worry about family safety; or refuse to attend school.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing attachment anxiety, separation distress, and school refusal triggers); School Social Work Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) focusing on arrival routines.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Structured morning drop-off check-in protocol with a designated support person; school counseling support; positive behavior support plan for attendance and arrival; family-school communication plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Designated arrival routine with immediate greeting by a trusted staff member; permission to send a brief reassurance card/note with parent; scheduled brief check-in with counselor; pass to rest in nurse's office during somatic distress; non-punitive attendance policies; gradual transition plans following school absences.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What structured morning drop-off protocol is established to support a smooth arrival at school?
2. Who is my child's primary designated support person to meet them at the door each morning?
3. How are physical symptoms (stomachaches, headaches) handled in the nurse's office without immediately sending my child home?
4. What visual schedule or countdown tool helps reassure my child about when they will see their family?
5. How are teachers supporting task initiation when my child is distracted by worry about home?
6. What communication plan allows brief, structured reassurance without reinforcing excessive phone calls home?
7. How will school counseling staff work with my child on separation coping strategies?
8. Has a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) identified specific arrival triggers?
9. How will missed classwork be managed during periods of school refusal or late arrival?
10. How will staff handle emotional distress during afternoon dismissal transitions?
11. How will progress toward independent arrival and full-day attendance be monitored?
12. When will the 504/IEP team meet to review separation anxiety supports?

Agoraphobia

ICD-10 CODE:

F40.00

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear or anxiety about being in situations where escape might be difficult or help might not be available if panic symptoms occur (such as crowded auditoriums, school buses, enclosed hallways, or open athletic fields).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Agoraphobia may experience panic or extreme distress in crowded cafeterias, pep rallies, or assemblies; avoid riding the school bus; request seating near classroom doors for quick exit access; exhibit anxiety during outdoor PE or open campus fields; or experience school avoidance.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (evaluating panic frequency, situational avoidance, and agoraphobic triggers); School Counseling Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) regarding hallway/assembly avoidance.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling using cognitive-behavioral exposure strategies; gradual exposure plan for crowded school spaces; designated safe transition plan; transportation accommodations.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Seating positioned near classroom exit door; permission to leave assemblies or crowded cafeterias for an alternate quiet space; pass to transition between classes 2-3 minutes before or after crowded hallway bell changes; alternative quiet testing room; alternative transportation accommodations if school bus triggers panic; non-punitive break pass.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific school environments (crowded hallways, assemblies, cafeteria, bus) trigger agoraphobic anxiety?
2. What seating accommodations allow my child to sit near classroom exit doors for a feeling of safety?
3. Is my child permitted to transition between classes slightly before or after hallway bell rushes?
4. What alternative quiet space is provided during large assemblies, pep rallies, or noisy cafeteria periods?
5. How do staff handle situations where my child experiences panic or feels trapped in a room?
6. What accommodations exist for physical education if open athletic fields or crowded gyms trigger anxiety?
7. How will school counseling staff support gradual exposure and coping strategies for crowded settings?
8. Are alternative transportation arrangements permitted if riding the school bus causes severe distress?
9. How will testing be conducted in a smaller, quiet room to prevent situational panic?
10. How will missed schoolwork be managed during periods of high avoidance?
11. How will progress in navigating school spaces comfortably be monitored and reported?
12. When will the team meet to review agoraphobia accommodations?

Panic Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F41.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden surges of intense fear or discomfort that reach a peak within minutes, accompanied by physical symptoms (racing heart, shortness of breath, chest tightness, dizziness, trembling) and fear of losing control.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Panic Disorder may experience sudden, unexpected panic attacks during class; flee the classroom or freeze; hyperventilate or express fear of dying/fainting; seek immediate medical reassurance in the nurse's office; or develop anticipatory anxiety about having another panic attack at school.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing panic frequency, physical triggers, and anticipatory anxiety); School Nurse Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) regarding panic-driven flight or avoidance.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight for panic recognition; school-based counseling for grounding and breathing techniques; crisis panic response plan; positive behavior support plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Immediate pass to visit the nurse's office or counselor during a panic attack without questioning; permission to step out of class to practice breathing/grounding exercises; seating near exit; extended time on tests to reduce time-pressure panic; non-punitive attendance policy; designated cool-down break pass.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What is the immediate step-by-step protocol when my child experiences a panic attack at school?
2. Are all teachers trained to recognize physical panic symptoms (hyperventilation, dizziness) without treating them as misbehavior?
3. What designated safe space and trusted adult can my child access immediately when panic occurs?
4. How are grounding techniques and deep breathing exercises supported by the school counseling staff?
5. Is extended time provided on exams to eliminate time-pressure triggers for panic attacks?
6. How do staff manage situations where my child needs to leave the room abruptly during a panic attack?
7. What accommodations prevent anticipatory anxiety before major exams or oral presentations?
8. How are physical health complaints in the nurse's office handled calmly to de-escalate panic?
9. What plan is in place to support academic recovery if panic attacks interrupt instructional time?
10. How will school counseling staff coordinate with our private therapist regarding panic management?
11. How will progress in managing panic symptoms at school be tracked?
12. When will the 504/IEP team meet to review the panic support plan?

Specific Phobia (Childhood)

ICD-10 CODE:

F40.218

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Specific Phobia is an anxiety disorder marked by intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, animal, activity, or situation (e.g., dogs, vomiting/emetophobia, needles, storms, or school situations). Exposure to the phobic stimulus triggers immediate anxiety or panic.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with a Specific Phobia may experience extreme distress or panic when exposed to the phobic trigger (e.g., emetophobia/vomit fear causing cafeteria avoidance; weather phobia causing panic during rain/thunder; animal phobia during outdoor recess); exhibit avoidance behaviors; or run from the area.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing phobic triggers, avoidance severity, and functional impact); School Counseling Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) regarding phobic avoidance.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling supporting gradual exposure and systematic desensitization in alignment with private therapy; positive behavior supports; environmental trigger management.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Advance notice and accommodations when phobic triggers may be present (e.g., science dissection, outdoor recess weather, vaccination days); permission to step out to a quiet space if exposed to a trigger; alternative seating away from triggers; non-punitive break pass; supportive de-escalation.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific phobic triggers (e.g., emetophobia, weather, animals, medical needles) have been identified for my child?
2. How are teachers and staff informed about my child's phobia so they do not inadvertently force exposure?
3. What protocol is followed if my child is unexpectedly exposed to a phobic trigger at school?
4. What designated quiet space can my child access to de-escalate if a phobic panic reaction occurs?
5. How are classroom activities (e.g., science labs, outdoor recess, school events) adapted to avoid phobic distress?
6. What accommodations exist for weather-related phobias during stormy days or severe weather drills?
7. How will school counseling staff support evidence-based coping strategies without reinforcing avoidance?
8. How are peer reactions managed to protect my child from embarrassment or teasing?
9. What accommodations exist for school health screenings or vaccinations if needle/blood phobia exists?
10. How will academic progress be maintained during phobia-related distress?
11. How will home and school coordinate regarding phobia management strategies?
12. When will the team meet to review phobia accommodations?

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

ICD-10 CODE:

F34.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) is a chronic mood disorder characterized by a depressed or irritable mood that persists for at least one year in children and adolescents. While symptoms may be less acute than major depression, its chronic nature significantly impacts long-term academic motivation and self-esteem.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Dysthymia may exhibit chronic low energy, low self-esteem, and persistent negativity; struggle with long-term assignment completion; appear disengaged or chronically tired; experience subtle cognitive slowing; show difficulty maintaining friendships; or express feelings of inadequacy.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing chronic mood lability, self-concept, and cognitive processing); School Counseling Assessment; Educational Evaluation assessing long-term academic growth.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Long-term school-based counseling with a school social worker or psychologist; academic mentoring; structured goal-setting programs; positive behavior supports.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Extended time on major projects; chunked long-term assignments with intermediate deadlines; preferential seating near supportive peers; permission to take short rest breaks in the nurse's office; encouraging constructive feedback; regular mentor check-in; study skills support.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is my child's chronic low mood and fatigue impacting their academic performance and classroom engagement?
2. Who is my child's primary academic and emotional mentor at school?
3. How are long-term projects and major assignments broken down into manageable intermediate steps?
4. What strategies are teachers using to encourage my child without reinforcing negative self-talk?
5. How will school counseling staff address long-term self-esteem and coping strategies?
6. What accommodations exist for cognitive fatigue during late-afternoon classes or long exams?
7. How are social interactions and peer inclusion fostered in a low-pressure environment?
8. What plan is in place if chronic depression escalates into an acute depressive episode?
9. How will homework volume be adjusted to prevent chronic overwhelm?
10. How will progress in academic engagement and emotional well-being be monitored?
11. How will school counseling staff coordinate with private mental health providers?
12. When will the team meet to review dysthymia supports?

Adjustment Disorder (with Anxiety / Depressed Mood)

ICD-10 CODE:

F43.20

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Adjustment Disorder is an emotional or behavioral reaction to an identifiable stressor or life change (e.g., parental divorce, family illness, loss, school relocation, bullying) occurring within 3 months of the stressor. It causes disproportionate distress and temporary impairment in school functioning.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with an Adjustment Disorder may display sudden, out-of-character drops in grades; exhibit sudden tearfulness, anxiety, or irritability; struggle to concentrate on schoolwork; withdraw from peer activities; or miss school following a major life stressor.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Counseling / Social Work Assessment (evaluating stressor impact, emotional regulation, and safety); Educational Review of recent academic changes; Crisis Risk Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Short-term school counseling support; temporary academic workload modification plan; supportive check-ins with a counselor; peer buddy support.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Temporary reduction in assignment volume; flexible deadlines during acute stress periods; access to a quiet break pass to visit the counselor; alternative testing environments; option to modify presentation requirements; non-punitive attendance policies during family crisis.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is the recent life stressor impacting my child's academic focus, mood, and classroom behavior?
2. Who will serve as my child's primary counseling contact during this temporary period of stress?
3. What temporary academic modifications (workload reduction, flexible deadlines) are in place to prevent academic decline?
4. How are teachers informed of the situation while maintaining strict family privacy?
5. What quiet break access is available if my child becomes tearful or overwhelmed during the school day?
6. How is peer support and classroom inclusion maintained during this stress adjustment phase?
7. What strategies are used to help my child re-engage with academic tasks without pressure?
8. How will school counseling staff coordinate with outside therapists or family support resources?
9. Under what timeline will the team review whether temporary accommodations are still needed?
10. How will progress in emotional stabilization be monitored?
11. What steps will be taken if symptoms persist beyond 6 months?
12. When will the team reconvene to review adjustment supports?

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

ICD-10 CODE:

F50.82

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is an eating/feeding disorder characterized by severe restriction of food intake based on sensory characteristics (texture, smell, appearance), fear of aversive consequences (choking, vomiting), or lack of interest in eating, leading to nutritional deficits without body image distortion.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with ARFID may experience intense anxiety during cafeteria lunch or food-centered classroom events; refuse to eat school meals; restrict eating to 1-2 specific 'safe' foods; experience physical fatigue or low energy due to malnourishment; or experience extreme anxiety during food-based science/art activities.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing medical/GI care plan; Occupational Therapy Evaluation (evaluating oral-sensory processing and feeding mechanics); Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation; Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; Section 504 Plan with specialized mealtime accommodations; Occupational Therapy for oral-sensory feeding; consultation with private ARFID treatment team.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to bring specific safe foods from home for all meals and snacks; quiet, low-sensory alternative lunchroom seating away from strong food smells; exemption from forced food exposure in class; permission to take energy snacks in class; hydration access; non-punitive mealtime policies.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established to protect my child from forced food exposure, shaming, or mealtime pressure at school?
2. Is my child permitted to bring and eat their specific safe foods from home during lunch and snack times?
3. What quiet, alternative lunch seating is available if cafeteria noise and food smells cause severe distress?
4. How are classroom food events, birthday treats, and food-based art/science labs modified to include my child safely?
5. How will Occupational Therapy or school staff support feeding goals established by our private ARFID treatment team?
6. What accommodations manage physical fatigue or low energy caused by nutritional restrictions?
7. Is my child allowed to keep safe snacks and water at their desk for consumption throughout the day?
8. How are lunch supervisors trained to avoid commenting on or drawing attention to my child's food choices?
9. How will medical absences for GI or eating disorder clinic visits be handled without academic penalty?
10. What protocol exists if my child experiences dizziness or fainting due to low blood sugar/malnutrition?
11. How will home and school maintain daily communication regarding mealtime intake at school?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review ARFID supports?

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)

ICD-10 CODE:

F63.3

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Trichotillomania is an obsessive-compulsive related disorder characterized by recurrent, irresistible urges to pull out hair from the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or body, leading to noticeable hair loss, significant emotional distress, and intense self-consciousness at school.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Trichotillomania may pull hair unconsciously during sedentary tasks (reading, listening to lectures, taking tests); attempt to camouflage hair loss with hats, hoodies, or specific hairstyles; experience severe self-consciousness and peer anxiety; or avoid physical education or outdoor wind.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing pulling triggers, awareness levels, and co-occurring anxiety/OCD); School Counseling Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) regarding sedentary task pulling.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based counseling supporting Habit Reversal Training (HRT) and Stimulus Control techniques; collaboration with private BFRB therapists; positive behavior supports.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to wear hats, hoodies, scarves, or head coverings in class regardless of dress code; provision of tactile fidget tools (tangle toys, sensory rings) to keep hands occupied during sedentary tasks; seating near back or corner to reduce self-consciousness; extended time on tests; non-verbal break pass.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Are teachers informed that wearing head coverings (hats, hoodies, headscarves) is an approved medical accommodation for hair pulling?
2. What tactile fidget tools and sensory substitutes (e.g., textured rings, silly putty) are allowed at my child's desk?
3. How are staff trained to support Habit Reversal Training (HRT) techniques discreetly without calling public attention to hair pulling?
4. What seating arrangements reduce my child's self-consciousness about hair loss during class?
5. How are high-stress sedentary tasks (like long exams or silent reading) structured to provide tactile hand stimulation?
6. How do staff handle peer questions or teasing to maintain an inclusive, protective classroom environment?
7. What accommodations exist for Physical Education (e.g., permission to keep head covered during sports)?
8. How will school counseling staff coordinate with our private BFRB therapist?
9. What private break space can my child access if feeling intense urge distress or embarrassment?
10. How will progress in self-advocacy and urge management be tracked?
11. How will academic performance be supported during periods of high urge distress?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review hair-pulling accommodations?

Excoriation Disorder (Skin-Picking Disorder)

ICD-10 CODE:

L98.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Excoriation Disorder is an obsessive-compulsive related disorder characterized by recurrent, compulsive picking of one's own skin, leading to skin lesions, infections, physical pain, and significant embarrassment. It is exacerbated by anxiety, boredom, or sedentary tasks.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Excoriation Disorder may compulsively pick at skin on arms, hands, face, or cuticles during quiet seatwork or exams; require frequent band-aids or nurse visits for minor bleeding; wear long sleeves in warm weather to cover lesions; or experience peer anxiety.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing picking triggers, anxiety levels, and BFRB patterns); School Nurse Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) regarding seatwork triggers.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management for wound care; Habit Reversal Training (HRT) alignment; school counseling support; positive behavior support plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to use tactile fidget tools, barrier tapes, or cotton gloves during sedentary work; immediate access to band-aids and nurse's office for wound hygiene without reprimand; permission to wear long sleeves/pants regardless of dress code; private testing environment; seating away from high scrutiny.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan in place to recognize skin picking as an involuntary BFRB medical condition, not self-harm or misconduct?
2. What tactile fidgets, barrier tape, or sensory tools are permitted at my child's desk during independent seatwork?
3. How are teachers trained to provide quiet, non-verbal redirection without calling negative attention to skin picking?
4. What protocol exists for accessing band-aids and wound care in the nurse's office without academic penalty?
5. Are clothing accommodations (e.g., long sleeves, hoodies, gloves) permitted regardless of weather or dress code?
6. How will high-stress sedentary activities (exams, silent reading) be modified to keep hands engaged?
7. How do staff manage peer questions to protect my child from social embarrassment or teasing?
8. What private break space is available when urge distress or picking anxiety peaks?
9. How will school counseling staff coordinate with our private BFRB specialist?
10. How will academic progress be maintained without picking disruptions?
11. How will skin healing and urge management progress be monitored?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review skin-picking supports?

Anorexia Nervosa (Pediatric / Adolescent)

ICD-10 CODE:

F50.00

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Anorexia Nervosa is a severe eating disorder characterized by restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to significantly low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image perception. It causes profound physical and cognitive fatigue.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Anorexia Nervosa may display severe physical fatigue, dizziness, or cold intolerance; skip lunch or hide food; engage in compulsive physical movement; show severe cognitive slowing or perfectionistic perfection anxiety; or miss school for eating disorder medical treatment.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing Medical/Psychiatric Eating Disorder Protocol; Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation; Educational Evaluation assessing cognitive processing impact under severe malnutrition; Section 504 / IEP Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; Section 504 Plan with eating disorder recovery accommodations; consultation with private treatment team (therapist, dietitian, physician); academic recovery coordinator.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Supervised lunch environment per medical treatment team orders; exemption from physical education and physical exertion; permission to wear warm clothing or use heating pads for cold intolerance; reduced homework volume during refeeding/recovery; non-punitive medical absence policies; remote learning during residential/PHP treatment.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established in consultation with our private eating disorder treatment team?
2. How will school staff support supervised mealtimes or safe lunch seating according to the medical plan?
3. Is my child fully exempt from Physical Education and physical activities per medical orders?
4. How are teachers monitoring my child for dizziness, severe cold intolerance, or cognitive fatigue?
5. What protocol exists if my child experiences low blood pressure or fainting at school?
6. How will academic workload be reduced to support cognitive energy during refeeding and recovery?
7. What accommodations allow remote learning or tutoring during Partial Hospitalization (PHP) or residential treatment?
8. How are classroom assignments modified to avoid triggers related to body weight, calories, or body image?
9. What privacy measures protect my child's medical status among peers?
10. How will school counseling staff coordinate weekly updates with our private treatment team?
11. How will academic progress be preserved during medical treatment leaves?
12. When will the team meet to review eating disorder accommodations?

Bulimia Nervosa

ICD-10 CODE:

F50.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise) to prevent weight gain, accompanied by severe body image distress.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Bulimia Nervosa may rush to the restroom immediately following lunch or snacks; exhibit dental enamel erosion, swelling in cheek glands, or knuckle calluses; display dramatic mood swings and fatigue from electrolyte imbalance; experience panic around mealtimes; or miss school for therapy.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing medical treatment plan; Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation; Educational Evaluation; Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing support; Section 504 Plan incorporating mealtime and restroom supervision protocols; alignment with outpatient treatment team.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Designated post-meal quiet check-in with nurse or counselor (restroom restriction for 30-60 minutes post-eating if ordered); permission to carry electrolyte beverages; reduced assignment load during crisis periods; non-punitive attendance policies for therapy appointments.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established in coordination with our outpatient eating disorder treatment team?
2. How will post-meal restroom access be managed supportively according to medical recommendations?
3. Are school staff trained to recognize signs of electrolyte imbalance or severe fatigue without shaming?
4. How will missed classwork and exams be managed during medical or psychological treatment appointments?
5. What accommodations protect my child from weight-based or food-based comments in class or PE?
6. Is my child allowed to carry electrolyte beverages or light snacks per physician orders?
7. What quiet space is available if my child experiences severe mealtime anxiety or distress?
8. How will school counseling staff maintain coordination with private eating disorder specialists?
9. What privacy protocols protect my child's dignity and confidential health status at school?
10. How will academic progress be maintained during high-stress recovery periods?
11. How will daily health and mood stability be monitored by the school nurse?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review Bulimia supports?

Enuresis (Nocturnal / Diurnal)

ICD-10 CODE:

F98.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Enuresis is a elimination disorder characterized by repeated involuntary (or intentional) passage of urine into clothes or bed in children aged 5 or older, occurring at least twice weekly for 3 consecutive months. It causes significant distress, social anxiety, and embarrassment at school.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Diurnal (daytime) Enuresis may experience unexpected urine accidents in class or during PE; exhibit intense fear of peer discovery; require frequent emergency bathroom breaks; carry extra clothing in a backpack; or avoid school events and field trips.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing urology/pediatric care plan; Section 504 Evaluation for medical elimination accommodations; Psychological Evaluation if secondary anxiety exists.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management; Section 504 Plan with discrete elimination protocols; supportive non-punitive staff handling.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Unrestricted, immediate bathroom pass (discreet signal); access to private nurse's restroom; permission to keep spare clothing in nurse's office; non-punitive management of accidents; permission to carry water bottle; modified PE changing arrangements for privacy.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a discreet 'stop-and-go' bathroom pass established so my child can leave for the restroom without asking permission?
2. Where will spare clothing be stored privately, and what is the discreet protocol if an accident occurs at school?
3. Are all teachers and lunch/PE staff trained to handle elimination accidents with complete discretion and zero discipline?
4. Does my child have access to a private staff or nurse's restroom to ensure complete privacy?
5. What accommodations exist for overnight field trips or extended school events?
6. How will school staff ensure my child is not teased or noticed by peers during restroom visits?
7. Is my child permitted to carry a water bottle to maintain bladder health per physician orders?
8. How will missed instructional time during restroom visits be supported by teachers?
9. How will counseling staff assist with self-esteem and social anxiety related to enuresis?
10. How will home and school communicate discreetly regarding daytime accidents?
11. What timeline will be used to review elimination supports?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review enuresis accommodations?

Encopresis

ICD-10 CODE:

F98.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Encopresis is an elimination disorder involving the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places (clothing, floor) in children aged 4 or older. It is most commonly linked to severe chronic constipation with impaction and involuntary liquid stool leakage (overflow encopresis).

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Encopresis may experience fecal soiling accidents; emit noticeable odor causing intense peer embarrassment; avoid using school restrooms due to fear or lack of privacy; experience abdominal pain and cramping; or avoid school.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing pediatric GI care plan; Section 504 Evaluation for medical elimination accommodations; Occupational Therapy / Physical Therapy Evaluation (pelvic floor / daily living habits).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing management for clean-up and medication administration (laxatives/stool softeners); Section 504 Plan; discrete private restroom access.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Unrestricted, immediate pass to use the nurse's private restroom; scheduled bathroom sitting times post-meals per GI protocol; private storage of clean-up supplies and spare clothing in nurse's office; immediate non-punitive clean-up assistance; non-punitive attendance policies for GI appointments.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is an immediate, discrete bathroom pass established so my child can access the nurse's restroom at any time?
2. Where are clean-up supplies, wipes, and extra clothing stored privately in the nurse's office?
3. Are scheduled 5-minute bathroom visits built into the daily routine following meals per our GI doctor's plan?
4. How are teachers and staff trained to respond to soiling accidents with complete warmth, privacy, and zero shame?
5. How will staff manage odor issues discreetly to protect my child from peer discovery or bullying?
6. Is my child permitted to take prescribed stool softeners or GI medications at school as managed by the nurse?
7. What accommodations exist for physical education and field trips to ensure private restroom access?
8. How will abdominal cramping or fatigue be accommodated in the classroom?
9. How will counseling staff support my child's emotional well-being and self-esteem?
10. How will home and school communicate discreetly regarding soiling episodes?
11. How will academic progress be maintained during GI flare-ups?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review encopresis accommodations?

Somatic Symptom Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F45.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Somatic Symptom Disorder is a condition characterized by one or more chronic physical symptoms (pain, fatigue, nausea, neurological complaints) that cause significant distress and disruption, accompanied by excessive, disproportionate thoughts, feelings, and anxiety about the symptoms.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with Somatic Symptom Disorder may make multiple daily visits to the nurse's office for stomachaches, joint pain, or dizziness; miss extensive instructional time; express intense distress about physical symptoms despite normal medical workups; or show academic decline.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation (assessing somatic anxiety, symptom preoccupation, and functional impairment); School Nurse Assessment; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) regarding nurse visit frequency.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing collaboration; school-based counseling for somatic anxiety management; joint nurse-counselor protocol to limit instructional loss; positive behavior support plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Structured nurse visit protocol (limiting visits to 10-15 minutes with planned return to class); scheduled brief check-in with counselor; permission to take brief rest break in class; reduced assignment load during symptom distress; non-punitive attendance policies; supportive non-validating symptom redirection.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a structured School Nurse Protocol established to manage physical complaints supportively without sending my child home unnecessarily?
2. Who is the primary staff member designated to help my child practice grounding and anxiety management when physical symptoms peak?
3. How are physical symptoms (stomachaches, headaches) evaluated by the nurse while encouraging a timely return to class?
4. What accommodations exist for missed classwork when physical symptom distress interrupts lessons?
5. How are teachers trained to respond supportively without reinforcing excessive symptom focus or panic?
6. What quiet in-class break options (fidgets, breathing exercises) are available to reduce nurse visit frequency?
7. How will school counseling staff coordinate with our private therapist and pediatrician?
8. Has a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) identified classroom tasks or social stressors that precede somatic spikes?
9. How will extended test time or private testing environments reduce symptom flare-ups during exams?
10. How will progress in classroom endurance and reduced distress be tracked?
11. What attendance accommodations prevent academic penalties during medical evaluation periods?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review somatic symptom supports?

Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS)

ICD-10 CODE:

M79.7

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS) is a medical condition in which the nervous system amplifies pain signals sent to the brain, turning normal sensations into intense, chronic pain. It is caused by an overactive sympathetic nervous system and central sensitization, making physical movement, sitting, or light touch painful despite normal tissue healing.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school, a student with AMPS may experience widespread body pain, joint stiffness, and severe fatigue; struggle to sit in standard classroom chairs for long periods; write slowly due to hand pain; experience sudden pain flares during PE or hallway transitions; experience severe brain fog; or miss multiple school days due to intense pain episodes.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

School Nurse Health Assessment reviewing pediatric rheumatology care plan; Occupational Therapy (OT) Evaluation (assessing writing ergonomics, joint protection, and energy conservation); Physical Therapy (PT) Evaluation (assessing mobility and aerobic pacing); Section 504 Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School Nursing oversight; Section 504 Plan; physical energy conservation and aerobic pacing plan (AMPS functional rehabilitation protocol); consultation with private AMPS treatment team (rheumatology, physical therapy, psychology).

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Permission to stand, stretch, or change seating positions frequently during class; duplicate set of textbooks (home/school) to eliminate heavy backpack carrying; speech-to-text, dictation, or typing accommodations for handwriting pain; elevator pass and extra time between classes; rest breaks in nurse office during pain flares; modified PE allowing self-paced non-impact movement; non-punitive attendance policies.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. Is a 504 Plan established that recognizes AMPS as a real, medical chronic pain condition requiring physical accommodations?
2. Are classroom teachers trained to allow my child to stand up, stretch, or change positions when pain increases during long lectures?
3. How will a duplicate set of textbooks be provided for home and school to eliminate heavy backpack weight?
4. What Occupational Therapy accommodations (speech-to-text, padded pen grips, typing) will protect hand joints from writing pain?
5. What elevator pass and transition accommodations exist to prevent lower body pain flares during crowded passing periods?
6. How will Physical Education be modified to support my child's functional movement program without causing severe pain flare-ups?
7. What protocol exists for taking quiet rest breaks in the nurse's office when pain peaks during the day?
8. How are cognitive 'brain fog' and chronic pain fatigue accommodated during high-stakes tests and exams?
9. What non-punitive attendance accommodations exist for medical appointments or severe pain flare days?
10. How will school staff avoid penalizing pain-driven fatigue or fluctuating physical stamina?
11. How will school counseling staff support pain coping strategies and self-advocacy?
12. When will the 504 team meet to review AMPS accommodations?

Paranoid Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.0

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Paranoid Personality Disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

At school/work, difficulty trusting teachers or peers; hypervigilance regarding social intentions; intense sensitivity to perceived criticism; school avoidance.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychological Evaluation; Social Work Assessment; Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Individual counseling; supportive structured environment; clear non-ambiguous communication.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Private testing room; predictable schedule; non-confrontational feedback; seating choice away from high-traffic zones.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is distrust or suspiciousness impacting classroom interactions?
2. What communication strategies prevent misinterpreting feedback?
3. Who is the designated trusted counseling contact?
4. What accommodations exist for group work?
5. How are private testing environments provided?
6. What de-escalation steps are used during distress?
7. How is student privacy protected?
8. What counseling goals focus on trust building?
9. How is attendance supported during high distress?
10. How will school and private providers coordinate?
11. What metrics track social comfort at school?
12. When will accommodations be reviewed?

Schizoid Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.1

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Schizoid Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Preference for solitary tasks; minimal emotional expression; disinterest in peer group activities or social praise.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychological Evaluation; Clinical Diagnostic Interview; Social Responsiveness Scale.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Supportive solitary work options; low-pressure social inclusion; school counseling.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Independent project options; small group exemptions; quiet lunch seating; written feedback.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How are independent work options accommodated in group-heavy classes?
2. What quiet lunch or transition spaces are available?
3. How is academic mastery evaluated without mandatory group presentations?
4. Who is the designated counseling contact?
5. What accommodations prevent social overwhelm?
6. How do staff provide non-intrusive feedback?
7. What goals support self-advocacy?
8. How are peer dynamics managed respectfully?
9. How is attendance supported?
10. How will private care team coordinate with school?
11. What metrics track educational engagement?
12. When will 504/IEP team meet?

Antisocial Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.2

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Antisocial Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, emerging from childhood conduct disorder patterns.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Frequent rule violations; defiance of authority; impulsivity; interpersonal conflict; academic disruption.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation; Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA); Risk Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP); restorative justice mentoring; structured behavioral contracts.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Clear explicit behavioral rules; immediate structured feedback; designated cool-down pass; alternative setting during dysregulation.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What specific triggers precede behavioral conflict?
2. How is the Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) implemented across classes?
3. What positive reinforcement structures are established?
4. How are crisis de-escalation protocols executed?
5. What alternative educational settings exist during crises?
6. How is academic credit maintained during suspensions?
7. Who is the primary behavioral mentor at school?
8. How are peer safety protocols maintained?
9. How do school and family communicate daily?
10. What counseling goals target impulse control?
11. How is progress in rule adherence tracked?
12. When will the team review the BIP?

Borderline Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.3

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, alongside marked impulsivity.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Intense mood swings; fear of abandonment; rapid shifts in peer relationships; self-harm risk; intense academic stress reactions.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychological Evaluation; Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Skills Assessment; Suicide/Self-Harm Safety Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based DBT skills coaching; crisis safety plan; structured counseling access.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Discreet break pass; extended test time; flexible assignment deadlining during mood crises; designated safe adult contact.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What is the step-by-step Crisis Safety Plan for acute emotional distress?
2. How are DBT distress tolerance skills supported in the classroom?
3. Who is the designated primary mental health contact at school?
4. What break passes allow immediate quiet de-escalation?
5. How are test deadlines adjusted during acute emotional flare-ups?
6. How do staff handle relationship conflicts or fear of abandonment at school?
7. What accommodations exist for self-harm prevention and safety?
8. How is academic credit preserved during medical/psychiatric leaves?
9. How do private therapists and school staff coordinate weekly?
10. How are peer interactions supported constructively?
11. What metrics monitor emotional self-regulation progress?
12. When will 504/IEP team review supports?

Histrionic Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.4

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Histrionic Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Dramatic emotional displays; high need for approval/attention; rapid shifts in emotion; distraction during independent tasks.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychological Evaluation; Clinical Diagnostic Interview; BASC-3.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Structured social emotional learning; school counseling; positive behavior reinforcement.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Clear boundary setting; structured individual work goals; scheduled teacher check-ins; private feedback.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What structured check-ins provide positive attention appropriately?
2. How are classroom boundaries established calmly and consistently?
3. What accommodations assist with independent seatwork completion?
4. Who is the primary counseling mentor?
5. How are peer group dynamics managed?
6. What de-escalation steps address emotional outbursts?
7. How is academic progress tracked independently?
8. What counseling goals support emotional self-regulation?
9. How do home and school coordinate behavioral messaging?
10. What testing accommodations reduce drama-driven distraction?
11. How is self-esteem supported constructively?
12. When will the team review supports?

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.5

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility and efficiency.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Severe distress over minor errors; inability to finish assignments due to extreme perfectionism; rigid adherence to rules; conflict over group work quality.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychological Evaluation; Executive Functioning Assessment; Educational Evaluation.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Cognitive behavioral counseling for perfectionism; structured time management coaching; flexible grading rubrics.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Extended time on written assignments; clear limits on assignment length/edits; private testing; advance notice of schedule changes.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. How is perfectionistic paralysis addressed during assignment completion?
2. What time limits or word-count caps prevent endless editing?
3. How are group projects structured to prevent conflict over control?
4. Who is the designated counseling mentor for anxiety around rules?
5. What testing accommodations eliminate time-pressure panic?
6. How do teachers provide constructive feedback without triggering rewriting?
7. Is extended time provided for high-stakes exams?
8. What counseling goals address cognitive flexibility?
9. How is homework volume managed to prevent burn-out?
10. How will school and private providers align strategies?
11. What metrics track work completion efficiency?
12. When will 504/IEP team meet?

Avoidant Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.6

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Avoidant Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Total avoidance of oral participation; extreme fear of embarrassment; refusal of group activities; eating alone; high absenteeism.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Comprehensive Psychological Evaluation; SPAI-C; School Social Work Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Gradual exposure counseling; safe adult mentoring; peer buddy pairing.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Exemption from mandatory public speaking; alternative video/private presentation options; quiet lunch seating; non-verbal call-on cues.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What alternative options allow demonstrating mastery without public speaking?
2. How are non-verbal cues used before addressing the student in class?
3. What quiet lunch and transition spaces are established?
4. Who is the primary safe adult contact at school?
5. What counseling supports gradual social exposure?
6. How is peer inclusion fostered in low-threat settings?
7. What accommodations reduce test anxiety?
8. How is attendance supported during high avoidance periods?
9. How will private therapy goals coordinate with school?
10. How is self-advocacy taught step-by-step?
11. What metrics track classroom comfort and engagement?
12. When will the 504/IEP team review supports?

Dependent Personality Disorder

ICD-10 CODE:

F60.7

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Dependent Personality Disorder is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Inability to initiate tasks without constant reassurance; excessive reliance on teachers/peers for decisions; distress when left to work alone.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Psychological Evaluation; Vineland-3 Adaptive Assessment; BASC-3.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

Independence building curriculum; structured task initiation prompts; school counseling.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Chunked instructions; visual task checklists; gradual fading of adult prompts; paired peer support.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What visual step-by-step checklists support independent task initiation?
2. How will adult prompts be systematically faded to build self-reliance?
3. Who is the designated counseling mentor for decision-making confidence?
4. What accommodations exist for independent testing?
5. How are group roles assigned to prevent over-reliance on peers?
6. How do staff handle requests for constant reassurance constructively?
7. What counseling goals focus on self-advocacy and choice-making?
8. How is homework structured for independent completion?
9. How will home and school align independence goals?
10. What metrics track independent task completion?
11. How is frustration tolerance supported?
12. When will 504/IEP team meet?

Alcohol Use Disorder (Adolescent)

ICD-10 CODE:

F10.20

Disclaimer: Diagnostic codes and other information found here are provided for educational reference only to support school planning and advocacy. This content is not intended as medical, legal, or diagnostic advice and should not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare or legal professional when appropriate.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?

Alcohol Use Disorder in adolescents is a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, impacting academic, social, and physical functioning.

WHAT MIGHT IT LOOK LIKE IN SCHOOL?

Decline in academic performance; frequent unexcused absences; lethargy or mood swings in class; disciplinary infractions; social group shifts.

WHAT EVALUATIONS MAY HELP?

Substance Use Screening Assessment (CRAFFT); Psychological Evaluation; School Social Work Assessment.

WHAT SUPPORTS MAY BE CONSIDERED?

School-based substance counseling/SUD referral; Student Assistance Program (SAP); academic recovery plan.

WHAT ACCOMMODATIONS MAY BE DISCUSSED?

Non-punitive attendance support during treatment; flexible deadline policy during recovery; SAP mentor check-ins; quiet break pass.

WHAT QUESTIONS SHOULD I ASK AT THE IEP OR 504 MEETING?

1. What Student Assistance Program (SAP) resources are activated?
2. How is academic credit preserved during outpatient/inpatient treatment?
3. Who is the primary counseling liaison for recovery support?
4. What accommodations support attendance and missed work remediation?
5. How is privacy maintained regarding substance treatment history?
6. What safety plans exist for peer pressure or substance triggers at school?
7. How do school counseling and private treatment providers communicate?
8. What testing accommodations exist during recovery fatigue?
9. How are co-occurring mental health disorders (depression/anxiety) addressed?
10. What non-exclusionary discipline policies apply to recovery support?
11. What metrics track academic re-engagement?
12. When will the team review the support plan?

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This page is for parent education only. It does not diagnose a child.

It is deigned to help families understand terms, supports, and 

questions to bring to the school team or provider.

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